We demonstrate the realization of the high-brightness and high-efficiency light emitting diodes (LEDs) using dislocation-free indium gallium
nitride (InGaN)/gallium nitride (GaN) multiquantum-well (MQW) nanorod (NR) arrays by metal organic-hydride vapor phase epitaxy (MO−HVPE).
MQW NR arrays (NRAs) on sapphire substrate are buried in spin-on glass (SOG) to isolating individual NRs and to bring p-type NRs in contact
with p-type electrodes. The MQW NRA LEDs have similar electrical characteristics to conventional broad area (BA) LEDs. However, due to the
lack of dislocations and the large surface areas provided by the sidewalls of NRs, both internal and extraction efficiencies are significantly
enhanced. At 20 mA dc current, the MQW NRA LEDs emit about 4.3 times more light than the conventional BA LEDs, even though overall
active volume of the MQW NRA LEDs is much smaller than conventional LEDs. Moreover, the fabrication processes involved in producing
MQW NRA LEDs are almost the same for conventional BA LEDs. It is, thus, not surprising that the total yield of these MQW NRA LEDs is
essentially the same as that of conventional BA LEDs. The present method of utilizing dislocation-free MQW NRA LEDs is applicable to
super-bright white LEDs as well as other semiconductor LEDs for improving total external efficiency and brightness of LEDs.
Results: Of the 68 patients, 43 had FIGO stage IB1 SCNEC, 15 had stage IB2, and 10 had stage IIA. Seven were treated with radical surgery alone; 11 with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by radical surgery; 24 with radical surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy; and 26 with radical surgery followed by adjuvant radiation or chemoradiation. After a median follow-up of 44 months (range, 6-113 months), the 2-year and 5-year survival rates for all patients were 64.6% and 46.6%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that FIGO stage was predictive of poor prognosis. Patients who received NACT showed poorer prognosis than those who did not receive NACT. Adjuvant chemoradiation did not improve survival compared with adjuvant chemotherapy alone.Conclusions: FIGO stage may act as a surrogate for factors prognostic of survival. Primary radical surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy is the preferred treatment modality for patients with early stage SCNEC.
Background:In this study, we sought to identify a criterion for the intermediate-risk grouping of patients with cervical cancer who exhibit any intermediate-risk factor after radical hysterectomy.Methods:In total, 2158 patients with pathologically proven stage IB–IIA cervical cancer with any intermediate-risk factor after radical hysterectomy were randomly assigned to two groups, a development group and a validation group, at a ratio of 3 : 1 (1620 patients:538 patients). To predict recurrence, multivariate models were developed using the development group. The ability of the models to discriminate between groups was validated using the log-rank test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Results:Four factors (histology, tumour size, deep stromal invasion (DSI), and lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI)) were significantly associated with disease recurrence and included in the models. Among the nine possible combinations of the four variables, models consisting of any two of the four intermediate-risk factors (tumour size ⩾3 cm, DSI of the outer third of the cervix, LVSI, and adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma histology) demonstrated the best performance for predicting recurrence.Conclusion:This study identified a ‘four-factor model' in which the presence of any two factors may be useful for predicting recurrence in patients with cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy.
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