Due to a variety of clinical manifestations anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis may be difficult to diagnose. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used as a component of the workup for encephalopathy. However, the use of MRI in anti-NMDA encephalitis is complicated by wide-ranging reports regarding the frequency of normal MRI findings in this disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a modality of imaging that may assess functional rather than structural disturbances. Therefore, this review was conducted to summarise published studies regarding the use of MRI and PET in the diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The terms (MR OR magnetic resonance OR PET OR positron emission tomography) AND (NMDA encephalitis OR N-methyl-d-aspartate encephalitis) were used to search the databases PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus on 10/5/2017. These searches returned 1534 results. Sixty studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that fewer than half of MRIs in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis show abnormal findings. When abnormal findings are present they most commonly include T2/FLAIR medial temporal and frontal hyperintensity, and leptomeningeal contrast enhancement. Cortical grey matter changes were reported in the same number of patients as subcortical white matter changes. The only MRI finding with prognostic significance at this stage is progressive cerebellar atrophy. FDG-PET has been assessed in a few small studies and can demonstrate abnormalities in cases where MRI does not. Further research should aim for larger sample sizes and to report (and attempt to control for) the time between symptom onset and the scan being conducted, and pre-imaging treatments.

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Our experience suggests that GdMRI plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of cochlear pathology associated with sensorineural hearing loss and may directly impact patient management.

fMRI of human auditory cortex response to sinusoidal tones of 200, 1000, and 3000 Hz was evaluated using block design and conventional and "silent" event-related designs. Conventional event-related fMRI revealed the timecourse of the BOLD response (ϳ5 sec to peak, ϳ4 sec full-width-half-max, and ϳ14 sec recovery to baseline). Both event-related, but not block, designs provided evidence for tonotopic organization in auditory cortex. Sources of low-frequency activation were more lateral and anterior than the sources of high-frequency activation (P ≤ 0.05). In the block designs, repeated rapid stimulus presentation and the co-incidence of scanner noise preclude definition of tonotopic organization revealed in eventrelated approaches. Magn Reson Med 45:254 -260, 2001. MATERIALS AND METHODS SubjectsNine healthy adult human subjects were studied. Approval for using human subjects recruited from the San Francisco Bay area was solicited through the internal re-

Background: Extracapsular spread (ECS) of lymph node metastases is associated with poor prognosis and is an indication for adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Accurately identifying ECS using imaging may allow us to recommend primary chemoradiotherapy to avoid trimodality treatment. We investigated the accuracy of staging CT in diagnosing ECS in P16 + oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods: Patients with pathologically determined cervical nodal metastases from P16 + OPSCC were included. Two blinded radiologists scored images to predict the presence of ECS in comparison to histopathology. Results: Eighty patients with a total of 91 specimens were evaluated. Pathologic ECS was identified in 53.8% of the patients. Sensitivity and specificity of CT for the two observers were 56.5% and 60.9%, and 73.3% and 66.7%, respectively. The presence of perinodal stranding was found to be significantly associated with pathological ECS. Conclusion: Computed tomography displays consistently high specificity, which may be used to rule out the presence of extracapsular spread in cervical nodal metastases of P16 + oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Introduction This study assesses the burden, distribution, and evolution of muscle inflammation and damage on MRI among subtypes of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). Methods Musculoskeletal MRIs performed in 66 patients with IIM and 10 patients with non‐IIM between 2009 and 2016 were retrospectively graded for muscle edema, fatty replacement (FR), and atrophy. Results Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) patients had severe and extensive lower limb muscle edema, FR, and atrophy. The pelvic muscles and adductors were significantly more affected than in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Inclusion body myositis (IBM) was characterized by marked anterior thigh involvement, which stabilized or progressed at follow‐up imaging. Atrophy and FR grades improved over time in some non‐IBM IIM patients. Discussion Patients with IMNM and IBM have characteristic patterns of muscle MRI abnormalities that may allow them to be differentiated radiologically from other IIM subtypes. Muscle damage in non‐IBM IIM may be reversible.

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