Monocytes-macrophages are present at higher numbers in aspiration biopsies of kidney transplant patients suffering either acute tubular necrosis or steroid-resistant rejections, but they are present during the first days after transplant in stable patients, too. The production of IL-1ra is significantly up-regulated in stable patients, which suggests that monocytes-macrophages may constitute an early key factor in the down-regulation of the anti-allograft immune response.
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