Germ cell survival and development critically depend on the cells' contact with Sertoli cells in the vertebrate testis. Fish and amphibians are different from mammals in that they show a cystic type of spermatogenesis in which a single germ cell clone is enclosed by and accompanied through the different stages of spermatogenesis by an accompanying group of Sertoli cells. We show that in maturing and adult testes from African catfish and Nile tilapia, Sertoli cell proliferation occurs primarily during spermatogonial proliferation, allowing the cyst-forming Sertoli cells to provide the increasing space required by the growing germ cell clone. In this regard, coincident with a dramatic increase in cyst volume and number of germ cells per cyst, in Nile tilapia, the number of Sertoli cells per cyst was strikingly increased from primary spermatogonia to spermatocyte cysts. In both African catfish and Nile tilapia, Sertoli cell proliferation is strongly reduced when germ cells have proceeded into meiosis, and stops in postmeiotic cysts. We conclude that Sertoli cell proliferation is the primary factor responsible for the increase in testis size and sperm production observed in teleost fish. In mammals, Sertoli cell proliferation in the adult testis is not observed under natural conditions. However, on the level of the individual spermatogenic cyst--similar to mammals--Sertoli cell proliferation ceases when germ cells have entered meiosis and when tight junctions are established between Sertoli cells. This suggests that fish are valid vertebrate models for studying Sertoli cell physiology.

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a difficult worldwide challenge to public health. The World Health Organization estimates that more than one-third of the world's population has been infected with HBV (25). Epidemiological trends suggest there are currently 400 million HBV chronic carriers worldwide, with over 1 million deaths annually due to HBV-associated liver disease (13,23). HBV is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma globally (25; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hepatitis fact sheet [www.cdc.gov/hepatitis]). The development and utilization of molecular diagnostic assays for the detection and quantification of HBV genomes have provided insight into the natural history of HBV and the pathogenesis of HBV infection as well as facilitated the monitoring of viral response to treatment (15,17). In addition, a quantitative evaluation of HBV DNA concentrations can provide valuable information on the levels of viral replication and may be useful as a prognostic indicator of liver disease (4, 21). A number of commercial assays are currently available for the quantification of HBV DNA in patient serum or EDTA-plasma, including hybridization-, signal-, and target-amplification-based technologies (5,11,(16)(17)(18)22). Selection of the optimal assay is dependent on the intrinsic performance characteristics of the methodology as well as the necessity to make appropriate clinical decisions in the context of HBV-associated disease (4, 15, 21).The VERSANT HBV 3.0 Assay (referred to herein as VER-SANT 3.0) is a third-generation branched-DNA (bDNA) assay for the direct quantification of HBV DNA in human serum and plasma. After HBV genomic DNA is released from the virions, the viral DNA is captured by a set of specific, synthetic oligonucleotide capture probes fixed in a microtiter well. A set of target probes (or label extender probes) then hybridizes to both the captured viral DNA and unique preamplifier probes. The capture probes and the target probes bind to conserved DNA regions throughout the entire HBV genome. The amplifier probes subsequently hybridize to the preamplifier probes, forming a bDNA complex. Multiple copies of an alkaline phosphatase-labeled probe are then hybridized to this immobilized complex. Detection is achieved by incubating the alkaline phosphatase-bound complex with a chemiluminescent substrate. The intensity of light emission is directly related to the amount of HBV DNA present in each sample, and results are recorded as relative light units by the luminometer. A standard curve is defined by light emission from quantitative standards containing known concentrations of recombinant DNA. Concentrations of HBV DNA in specimens are determined from this standard curve. This third-generation sandwich nucleic acid hybridization procedure differs from earlier bDNA assays by using the unique preamplifier probes to increase the number of labeled probes that can bind to the target, thereby

For the past decades, an acidic pH has been used to render Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptible to pyrazinamide for in vitro testing. Here, we show that at the standard breakpoint concentration and reduced culture temperatures, pyrazinamide (PZA) is active against tuberculosis (TB) at neutral pH. This finding should help unravel the mechanism of action of PZA and allow drug susceptibility testing (DST) methods to be optimized. P yrazinamide (PZA) is an important drug for TB treatment. PZA is used in standard first-and second-line therapies and is also included in many new regimens due to its unique ability to shorten therapy (1, 2).The mechanism of action of PZA is unresolved (3), but it is commonly assumed that a low pH is required for PZA activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In a widely accepted model proposed by Zhang and Mitchison (4), low pH causes the protonation of extracellular pyrazinoic acid (POA; the enzymatically activated form of PZA) required for POA to reenter mycobacteria and exert its antimicrobial effect. In addition, the reduced membrane potential at low pH was proposed to facilitate energy depletion by PZA (5). However, the activity of PZA in vivo and in vitro is directed against nonmetabolizing, or slowly metabolizing, mycobacteria (1, 6), and the role of low pH on the transcriptional remodeling of M. tuberculosis known to occur under those conditions (7-9) might also be related to the antimicrobial effects of PZA at low pH. We believe the relative contribution of the protonation and metabolic effects deserves investigation and might help elucidate PZA's mechanism of action in vivo.Due to the incompletely resolved mechanism, developments in drug susceptibility testing (DST) have been limited to testing at reduced pH. Partly due to the suboptimal growth of the bacteria at low pH, the conditions are difficult to control, and PZA DST results in more failures and a lower test accuracy and reproducibility than those of other first-line drugs (10-12).It was previously demonstrated that under acidic conditions, PZA activity is enhanced by lowering the temperature (13), but the effect of low temperature alone was not assessed. To investigate how dependent the action of PZA is on low pH, we determined the susceptibility of TB to PZA at reduced temperature at neutral pH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Strains.The tested strains are presented in Table 1. M. tuberculosis strains 12-17995 and 12-17889 are clinical isolates from Georgia (14) from the Beijing lineage. Strain 12-17889 is closely related to the previously described clade A strains sharing a pncA I6L mutation (15). Apart from the pncA I6L mutation, no additional mutation in pncA is present in this strain.Microcolony-based growth rate determination. Measurement of the effect of antimicrobials on TB microcolonies on solid medium was performed essentially as previously described (16). In short, aliquots of liquid cultures, sieved through a 5-m-pore filter, were inoculated on 8 by 8-mm squares of porous supports on nonselective MB7H11 agar (BD, ...

BackgroundCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a serious health problem in Suriname. To expand the diagnostic options, two newly developed diagnostic tests, i.e. the rapid diagnostic test CL Detect™ Rapid Test (CL Detect) and the Loopamp™ Leishmania Detection Kit (Loopamp) were evaluated.MethodsDiagnostic test performance was compared to the routine diagnostic approach in place, i.e. clinical symptoms combined with microscopy, and to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which was used as a reference standard. The study population (n = 93) was a typical representation of the CL affected population in Suriname and mainly infected with Leishmania guyanensis.ResultsCL Detect had a very low sensitivity compared to microscopy (36.7%) or PCR (35.8%), due to a high number of false negative results. The specificity of the CL Detect compared to microscopy and PCR was 85.7 and 83.3% respectively. Loopamp sensitivity was 84.8% compared to microscopy and 91.4% compared to PCR. The Loopamp test had a moderate specificity (42.9%) compared to microscopy, but a good specificity compared to PCR (91.7%).ConclusionThe CL Detect is not likely to be a good replacement for the routine diagnostic procedure for CL in Suriname. The high sensitivity of the easy to perform Loopamp enables the implementation of sensitive molecular diagnosis in resource limited settings.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) serves as a template for viral replication and plays a role in persistence of HBV infection. The origin and significance of cccDNA in plasma, however, are not well understood. A sensitive, specific, and reproducible real-time PCR for detection and quantitation of cccDNA in plasma of chronic hepatitis B patients was developed and validated. Four HBV DNA reference panels and 96 plasma samples of chronic hepatitis B patients are analyzed. Results are compared with total HBV DNA levels. This cccDNA assay had a lower limit of detection at 15 copies/PCR, a lower limit of quantitation at 91 copies/PCR, and a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.98 (p < 0.0001). HBV cccDNA can be detected in two of four international panels. Significant correlation is found between cccDNA and total HBV DNA levels in both panels (R = 0.96 and R = 0.43) and in samples of the chronic hepatitis B patients (R = 0.88, p< 0.0001). In 57 % of these samples cccDNA can be detected. Mean level of cccDNA is 0.16 % of total HBV load. Plasma HBV cccDNA levels are higher in HBeAg-positive samples than in HBeAg-negative samples (p < 0.0001). Total HBV DNA levels and HBV genotype do not influence cccDNA detection.

Dengue has become a global public health problem and a sensitive diagnostic test for early phase detection can be life saving. An internally controlled, generic real-time PCR was developed and validated by testing serial dilutions of a DENV positive control RNA in the presence of a fixed amount of IC with results showing a good linearity (R 2 = 0.9967) and a LOD of at least 1.95 × 104 copies/mL. Application of the generic PCR on 136 patient samples revealed a sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 100%. A newly developed multiplex real-time PCR with serotype-specific probes allowed the serotyping of DENV for 80 out of 92 (87%) generic real-time PCR positive patients. Combined these real-time PCRs offer a convenient diagnostic tool for the sensitive and specific quantification of DENV in clinical specimens with the possibility for serotyping.

BackgroundMany patients treated for tuberculosis (TB) in low and middle income countries are treated based on clinical suspicion without bacteriological confirmation. This is often due to lack of rapid simple accurate diagnostics and low healthcare provider confidence in the predictive value of current tests. We previously reported in an animal TB model that levels of host markers rapidly change in response to treatment initiation.MethodsWe assessed the potential of host biomarker kinetics of TB patients during the first two weeks of therapy to identify patients responding to treatment. Adult patients clinically diagnosed with and treated for TB, 29 in Nigeria and 24 in Nepal, were analyzed.ResultsChanges in concentrations of non-specific host biomarkers, particularly IP-10, in response to the first week of anti-TB therapy were strongly associated with bacteriological confirmation of TB. A decrease in IP-10 level of >300pg/ml between 0 and 7 days of treatment identified 75% of both smear-positive and smear-negative culture positive patients and correctly excluded TB in all nine culture negative patients.ConclusionsMonitoring of early IP-10 responses to treatment could form the basis of a simplified assay and could help identify patients who were erroneously clinically diagnosed with TB or those infected with drug resistant strains on inappropriate treatment. We believe this approach may be particularly appropriate for difficult to diagnose patients, e.g. smear-negative HIV-positive, or those with extra-pulmonary TB, often treated without bacterial confirmation.

Recovery of hepatocytes and cccDNA in FFPE tissue was lower, but intrahepatic cccDNA in FFPE biopsies were comparable with cryo-preserved liver tissue. Therefore, FFPE liver tissue is an attractive alternative for cccDNA analysis when cryo-preserved tissue is not available.