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The mean change scores for each group support the use of the PDMS-GM as an evaluative measure. For many infants, particularly infants with cerebral palsy, the PDMS-GM was not responsive to change over a 6-month period. The index of responsiveness suggests that the PDMS-GM should be used only as an outcome measure in large clinical trials. The PDMS-GM is not recommended for evaluating the direct effects of physical therapy but is recommended for providing a global measure of change in motor development as part of a multidimensional assessment.

Cyclin D1 dysregulation and differential inactivation of p16INK4a and Rb have been observed in human lung cancer. In chemically induced mouse lung tumors, the p16INK4a gene is a target of inactivation, and Rb is reduced at the mRNA level (Northern blot) although similar at the protein level (Western blot) when compared to normal lung tissues. The expression of cyclin D1, cdk4, p16INK4a, and Rb protein was examined by immunohistochemistry in 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced mouse lung tumors. Immunohistochemical staining revealed exclusive nuclear staining of both cyclin D1 and cdk4 that was light to moderate in normal mouse lung tissues, but intense in lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Western blot analysis confirmed the increased expression of cyclin D1 and cdk4 in lung tumors compared to normal lung. Immunohistochemical analyses of lung tumors showed focal areas which lacked p16INK4a staining. Expression of p16INK4a, as determined by RT-PCR, was variable in lung tumors. Mutations in p16INK4a were not found by SSCP analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses of normal lung tissues showed intense staining for Rb protein in alveolar epithelial cells and in other lung cell types; however, in the lung tumors the staining intensity was reduced and the distribution was altered. Expression of Rb was detected in normal lung tissues but was barely detectable by Northern blot hybridization in lung tumors. Western blot analysis indicated the presence of both hypophosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated Rb protein in lung tumors and in normal lung tissues. These results suggest that alterations in the cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1, cdk4, p16INK4a, and Rb, may play a role in the acquisition of autonomous growth by adenomas. Furthermore, they demonstrate the importance of immunohistochemical studies to examine expression in tissues that contain multiple cell types, such as the lung, and in tumors that by nature are heterogeneous.

Dust storms (5 to 100 km across) often originate from multiple dust-emission sources (1 to 10 km across). Remote-sensing-based dust-source identification is a challenge. A previous study developed a subjective approach for mapping dust sources by using enhanced MODIS satellite imagery; therefore, this study conducted mapping exercises to assess the reproducibility of this technique amongst multiple analysts and in different regions. Multiple staff members independently analyzed satellite imagery for mappable dust sources for Southwest Asia and the Southwest United States. Mapped points were considered reproducible if the location of dust emission plumes identified by all participants could be constrained to a 10 km buffer. Using this definition, point-source locations were 28% reproducible in Southwest Asia and 85% reproducible in the Southwest United States. Increasing the allotted buffer to 15 km, however, improved results to 71% and 100%, respectively. Mapped dust sources for Southwest Asia were compared to geomorphic landform maps. At the 1:750,000 map scale, points mapped by all analysts for a single dust plume tended to overlay one landform, while at the 1:100,000 map scale, points were strewn across several landforms. Results suggest that the methodology is reproducible for certain applications but that location-uncertainty tolerance affects perceived conclusions. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR.