This paper describes the problems occurring due to customers' impact on the distribution grid. The most common power quality (PQ) disturbances in the distribution grid, caused by customers' usage, are voltage dips due to rapid load changes, e.g. motor starting (in-rush currents), and flickers. Problems with poor compensation are also very common. Current regulations for the Croatian Distribution System Operator regarding power quality are defined on the basis of the EN 50160 standard [1].
Background: Although avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis
virus (IBV) and SARS-CoV-2 belong to different genera of the
Coronaviridae family, exposure to IBV may result in the
development of cross-reactive antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 due to homologous
epitopes. We aimed to investigate whether antibody responses to IBV
cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 in poultry farm personnel who are
occupationally exposed to aerosolized IBV vaccines. Methods: We
analyzed sera from poultry farm personnel, COVID-19 patients, and
pre-pandemic controls. IgG levels against the SARS-CoV-2 antigens S1,
RBD, S2, and N and peptides corresponding to the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, N,
and S proteins as well as whole virus antigens of the four major
S1-genotypes 4/91, IS/1494/06, M41, and D274 of IBV were investigated by
in-house ELISAs. Moreover, live-virus neutralization test (VNT) was
performed. Results: A subgroup of poultry farm personnel showed
elevated levels of specific IgG for all tested SARS-CoV-2 antigens
compared to pre-pandemic controls. Moreover, poultry farm personnel,
COVID-19 patients, and pre-pandemic controls showed specific IgG
antibodies against IBV strains. These antibody titers were higher in
long-term vaccine implementers. We observed a strong correlation between
IBV-specific IgG and SARS-CoV-2 S1-, RBD-, S2-, and N-specific IgG in
poultry farm personnel compared to pre-pandemic controls and COVID-19
patients. However, no neutralization was observed for these
cross-reactive antibodies from poultry farm personnel using the VNT.
Conclusion: We report here for the first time the detection of
cross-reactive IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 antigens in humans
exposed to IBV vaccines. These findings have implications for future
vaccination strategies and possibly cross-reactive T cell immunity.
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