These days, issues such as environmental degradation, the wealth gap, and unequal access to opportunities and resources are increasing. These concerns have increased the need for sustainable entrepreneurship, defined as sustainable business practices. Entrepreneurship is central in transitioning towards a more sustainable future, whereas aligning the social, economic, and ecological objectives and ecological entrepreneurs plays a role. This scoping literature review analyzes the field of sustainable entrepreneurship and the extent of the holistic integration in the global business arena, therefore filling a gap in the existing literature. It aims to analyze the depth of existing pieces of literature on sustainable entrepreneurship, its definitions, and its applications in business practices. The analysis relies upon a literature search on the SCOPUS database around the keywords ‘Sustainability’ and ‘Sustainable Entrepreneurship’. The scientific software VOSviewer is used to better illustrate the linkage of major categories and correspondent trends, related with both business growth and maintenance of ecological systems. It concludes that the desired levels of sustainability require collaborations between all stakeholders, while the transition towards service-oriented business models has contributed to the growth of sustainable entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, existing institutional structures favor current unsustainable businesses and systems over the newer sustainable ones, demanding ecopreneurs to initiate institutional changes.
Previous studies on the Ria Formosa (southern Portugal) benthic communities have shown that Cyathura carinata (Isopoda) is a common and abundant species, with a key role in food web transfers as a prey for birds and sh. The aim of the present study was to describe its life cycle, population dynamics, and productivity.Samples of C. carinata, taken from November 1990 to December 1991 in the intertidal zone of the Ria Formosa lagoon yielded mean annual densities of 213 individuals/m 2 . Analysis of population density values in the Ria Formosa in comparison with the Mondego Estuary indicates that this species exhibits a regular year-round distribution pattern, independent of geographic location.Using modal progression analysis of the six cohorts identi ed, the life span of Ria Formosa Cyathura carinata was estimated at approximately 19 months. The recruitment period ranged from mid-April to October and three new cohorts were recognized. Embryonic development ensued over a period of approximately 45 days. While sex ratio evolved over time, it never attained a value that favoured males.Secondary production calculations yielded a production of P D 709 mg ash-free dry weight m ¡2 year ¡1 , a mean biomass of B D 183:91 mg ash-free dry weight m ¡2 year ¡1 , and an annual turnover ratio, P/B, of 3.86 and E/B of 7.53 (E D elimination production). Thus, C. carinata belongs to a group of organisms that are of considerable importance in the secondary production of the Ria Formosa system.
RESUMOEstudos prévios em comunidades bentónicas no sistema lagunar da Ria Formosa mostraram que a espécie Cyathura carinata (Isopoda) é uma espécie abundante e comum sendo um elo importante na cadeia alimentar, principalmente como presa de peixes e pássaros. 4 / Crustaceana 76 (7): 781-802 Also available online: www.brill.nl 782 SANDRA CRUZ ET AL.O objectivo deste trabalho foi descrever o ciclo de vida, dinâmica populacional e estimar a produção de C. carinata. Esta espécie foi amostrada desde Novembro de 1990 a Dezembro de 1991 e a densidade média anual foi de 213 ind. m ¡2 . A análise dos valores de densidade populacional na Ria Formosa e a sua comparação com estudos efectuados no estuário do Mondego mostraram que esta espécie exibe uma distribuição espacial contagiosa independentemente da localização geográ ca.Foram identi cadas seis coortes e da análise da sua progressão modal o ciclo de vida da espécie Cyathura carinata foi estimado em cerca de 19 meses. O período de recrutamento decorreu entre meados do mês de Abril até ao mês de Outubro, observando-se três novas coortes. O desenvolvimento embrionário parece decorrer por um período de cerca de 45 dias. A proporção sexual evoluiu ao longo do ano com ligeiras variações não se apresentando nunca favorável aos machos.A produção liquida (P) de C. carinata foi de 709 mg peso livre de cinzas . m ¡2 . ano ¡1 , a biomassa media foi de B D 183,91 mg peso livre de cinzas . m ¡2 . ano ¡1 . As razões anuais encontradas foram de P/B D 3;86 and E/B D 7,53 (E D produção de eliminação), o que faz com que ...
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