El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los aspectos generales, la importancia de las grasas protegidas en la alimentación de rumiantes y revisar algunos aspectos sobre su procesamiento y obtención para incentivar a la comunidad científica del trópico a implementar procesos de investigación en esta importante área de la producción animal. Se evalúan los resultados de la utilización en la alimentación de rumiantes y los flujogramas de saponificación para la elaboración de jabón empleando Hidróxidos de Sodio, potasio y calcio, para sebo ovino y para residuo de aceite de palma. Con la grasa sobrepasante se evidencia el mejoramiento de parámetros de producción, así como calidad de la leche tanto en bovinos, ovinos y caprinos y parámetros reproductivos en bovinos de leche, con disminución del balance energético negativo sobre la condición corporal de los animales, que mejoran las tasas de concepción postparto y la reducción de los días abiertos, de igual manera se evalúa el desempeño en la producción de carne donde se registra un incremento en la ganancia de peso y rendimiento de la canal. Se estimula un espacio científico para la investigación en la búsqueda de métodos de suplementación energética en rumiantes en etapas fisiológicas de altos requerimientos para el uso de recursos disponibles en el trópico para potencializar la producción de rumiantes. Se concluye que las grasas sobrepasantes tienen un efecto positivo sobre los parámetros productivos y reproductivos de animales rumiantes. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar la evaluación económica para establecer la dosis de utilización.
In Bogotá, Colombia, a large number of babies are fed with breast milk substitutes made from corn and plantain starch. We found 34.3% of tested samples to be contaminated with Cronobacter spp.; C. sakazakii was the most recovered species. Our findings underscore the risk for contamination of breast milk substitutes.
Biotechnology has continued to evolve rapidly, allowing the development of techniques to increase reproductive efficiency and contribute to the genetic improvement of cattle. Some of these techniques include the in vitro maturation (IVM) and IVF of oocytes, sperm sexing and embryo transfer (ET) to recipient females to obtain pregnancies and offspring. These modern assisted-reproduction techniques (ART) can help produce twin pregnancies and calving of a pre-determined sex. The aim of this study was to produce a high proportion of female bovine embryos in vitro using X-chromosome-selected sexed semen and to transfer them in pairs to recipient females, in order to evaluate the efficiency of transferring two female embryos in both cows and heifers. Cebu-cross ovaries were obtained from a local slaughterhouse and transported to a nearby laboratory in Chiapas, Mexico, to obtain cumulus-oocyte complexes by follicular aspiration and culture in maturation medium for 24 h. For IVF, frozen X-sorted semen (Milking Gyr and Holstein breeds, 90% purity, Sexing Technologies, Navasota, TX, USA) was used. Gametes were co-incubated for 22 h, then moved to embryo development medium and cultured for 7 days. Recipient Cebu-cross commercial cows (n = 98) and heifers (n = 50) were synchronized, using intravaginal devices impregnated with progesterone, administering eCG and prostaglandin at withdrawal. Seven days after heat, 88 recipients were subjected to non-surgical ET (59 cows and 29 heifers). Embryo transfers were performed in Tamaulipas and Veracruz, Mexico, and were divided into 2 groups: A) cows, and B) heifers. Only grade-1 embryos were selected for ET. Two embryos were loaded in a single 0.25 mL French straw and transferred to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary with a corpus luteum. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasound or rectal palpation 60 days after ET. A Fisher's exact test (SPSS v. 16.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to determine statistical differences (α = 0.05). Of IVF oocytes, 176/180 (98%) and 242/300 (81%) were fertilized, producing 96/180 (53.3%) Milking Gyr (semen)-Cebu (oocytes) and 92/300 (30.7%) Holstein (semen)-Cebu (oocytes) grade-1 embryos, respectively. Of the 88 recipients, 33 were pregnant (37.5%), however, it was not possible (at that time) to determine the number and sex of fetuses developing in utero. Overall, 8 of the 29 heifers were pregnant (27.6%), compared to 25 pregnancies in 59 cows (42.4%). For heifers, the pregnancy results for transferring Milking Gyr-Cebu embryos (4/11) versus Holstein-Cebu embryos (4/18) were not significantly different (P = 0.433, two-tailed Fisher's exact test). A similar comparison could not be made for cows given smaller sample sizes due to the extra variable of having taken place on several different ranches (n = 11). The concept herein is that smaller twin female crossbred calves may reduce issues associated with freemartinism and dystocia while still maintaining the vigor of crossbred offspring. Results from this research can help contribute to the study and development of ART for increasing cattle production efficiency.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion level of crude glycerin from palm oil in the diet of growing pigs. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isoproteic, with a constant content of linoleic acid within the experimental diets. A total of 36 pigs (average BW 23.05± 2.86 kg) were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments: 1) 0% of crude glycerin; 2) 5% of crude glycerin; 3) 10% of crude glycerin. Pigs were housed in 12 pens; 4 replicates (pens) per treatment and three pigs/replicate. Data were analyzed as a complete block design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with a random block effect for period. This study established that inclusion of crude glycerin from palm oil in the diet of growing pigs did not affect (P > 0.05) growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. We concluded that inclusion of crude glycerin from palm oil up to 10% of the diet did not adversely affect pig performance and the quality of the meat. Keywords: biodiesel; by-products; palm oil; swine.Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis de glicerina bruta do óleo de palma na dieta de suínos em crescimento. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isoenergéticas e 2 Cienc. anim. bras., Goiânia, v.18, 1-12, e-40769, 2017Growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality of growing pigs fed diets supplemented... isoproteicas, o teor de ácido linoléico permaneceu constante na dieta. No total, 36 suinos (com média BW de 23,05 ± 2,86 kg) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três tratamentos: 1) 0% de glicerina bruta; 2) 5% de glicerina bruta; 3) 10% de glicerina bruta. Os leitões foram alojados em 12 baias com quatro repetições (baias) por tratamento, três suínos/repetição. Os dados foram analisados como um delineamento em blocos casualizados utilizando-se o procedimento GLIMMIX do SAS, com um efeito aleatório de bloco por período. Notou-se que a inclusão de glicerina bruta do óleo de palma não afetou (P> 0,05) o desempenho produtivo, as características da carcaça e qualidade da carne. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de glicerina bruta do óleo de palma até 10% não afetou o desempenho dos suínos e a qualidade da carne. Palavras-chave: biodiesel; óleo de palma; subprodutos; suínos.
Biotechnology continues to evolve rapidly, allowing the development of artificial reproductive techniques (ART) to increase reproductive efficiency and contribute to the genetic improvement of domestic animals. The present study examines the results obtained after 30 months of starting a commercial practice for ovum pickup (OPU) in vitro embryo production (IVP) and embryo transfer (ET) in cattle in tropical and subtropical Mexico. This research was conducted from 2013–2015 in beef and dairy cattle kept under different environmental and management conditions in 6 states (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Yucatan). Oocytes were collected by OPU, without hormonal treatment, from 10 donor cows: 2 Bos taurus (Bt), 5 Bos indicus (Bi), and 3 Bt × Bi. A total of 98 oocyte recovery sessions were performed on 756 cows and produced 12 524 viable oocytes (1349 GI, 3383 GII, 7792 GIII), which were sent to a central laboratory for IVP. Both conventional and sexed semen were used for IVF, from 9 breeds: 2 Bt, 5 Bi and 2 Bt × Bi. The overall cleavage rate was 69% (8587/12 524). The embryo production efficiency rate was 31% (3905/12 524). Fresh sexed and conventional embryos were transferred to recipients synchronised with the following protocol: Day 0, application of an intravaginal device (ID) with progesterone and 2 mg of oestradiol benzoate IM; Day 8, removal of the ID, 400 IU eCG IM, 0.5 mg cloprostenol sodium IM, and 0.5 mg oestradiol cipionate IM. Day 10 was considered the day of oestrus. Pregnancy rate after ET was 38% (945/3905). The average number of viable oocytes per donor cow was 16.57; the average number of transferred embryos per donor cow was 5.17, and the average number of pregnancies per donor cow was 1.25. The OPU-IVP were successful in producing pregnancies even under several adverse conditions, such as a tropical environment, many donors being prepuberal females and the majority of the adult cows having a previous non-productive history due to hormonal mishandling in superovulation programs or because of overfeeding for show purposes. The consequences of these factors can be observed in the lower overall cleavage rate obtained (69%), compared to the expected (75%). Some variables require further analysis (e.g. different OPU and ET technicians, time of year, cow age, cow breed, and use of conventional and sexed semen). A successful IVP practice has to face and overcome multiple problems that may arise in some geographic locations but, perhaps, not in others. It is interesting to note the use of sexed versus conventional embryos, of the 98 ET sessions, 25 involved sexed embryos versus 73 for conventional embryos. The use of sexed semen for OPU-IVP and ET in this region of Mexico continues to expand. We thank Genemex Internacional and the ranch owners that were involved with this research.
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