Joint Diseases and Related SurgeryExperimental Study / Deneysel Çalışma Anahtar sözcükler: Sonlu eleman analizi; pelvis halkası; pubis kırığı; pubis plağı; retrograde pubis vidası.Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether surgical treatment of pubic rami fractures increases the stability of the posterior pelvis. Material and methods:A finite element pelvic model with improved geometric and material characteristics was analyzed. By imitating a standing position, a type I Denis sacrum fracture and a unilateral pubis fracture, we measured the differences in tension and displacement. The posterior injury was treated with a direct plate synthesis or transsacral plate synthesis, while the pubis fracture was left without fixation or fixed with either a retrograde pubic screw or plate synthesis. Results: The operative fixation of pubic rami fractures decreased the movement in the fracture gap not only at the site of the pubis fracture, but also at the site of the fixed sacrum fracture. The plate synthesis provided greater stability of the anterior fracture than the retrograde screw. The tensions in the implants were below the allowed values. Conclusion: We concluded that surgically fixation of pubic fracture increases the stability of the operated posterior pelvis.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada her türlü kırığın bilgisayarlı simülas-yonuna uygun olan ve güvenilir sonuçlar veren gerçekçi bir model yaratıldı. Hastalar ve yöntemler: İleri numune elde edebilmek için plastik bir pelvis modeli kullanıldı. Veriler sağlıklı bir pelvisin bilgisayarlı tomografi taramasından elde edildi. Üç boyutlu plastik pelvis taraması ile geometrik olarak kesin bir model oluşturuldu. Bilgisayarlı tomografi taramalarından elde edilen verilere göre kemikli kısımların materyal özellikleri modifiye edildi. Pelvis farklı segmentlere ayrıldı ve materyal özelliklerinin doğru olması için her segmentte kortikal ve kansellöz kemik maddesinin oranı tayin edildi. Pelvis modelinin doğrulanmasında, tip C pelvis hasarının simülasyonu yapıldı ve sakrum kırığı ve semfizyoliz plaklar ile stabilize edildi. Bu veriler daha önceki kadavra deneylerinden elde edilen veriler ile karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular: Yeni model üzerinde yapılan simülasyona göre, sakrum kırığının fragmanları arasındaki kayma değerleri, kadavra deneylerinde bildirilen değerlere yakındı ve artan gerilme tolere edilebilir aralıkta kaldı. Sonuç: Yeni sonlu eleman pelvis modelimiz, eski modele göre, pelvisi daha doğru yansıtmaktadır. Modelin doğ-rulaması başarılı olduğundan, güvenilir sonuçlar ile bu yöntem her türlü kırığın bilgisayarlı simülasyonu için uygundur.Anahtar sözcükler: Sonlu eleman analizi; kırık tespiti; pelvis kemiği. Objectives:In this study, we aimed to create a realistic model which is suitable for computerized simulation of any kind of fractures and provides reliable results. Patients and methods: We used a plastic pelvic model to construct advanced specimens. The data were retrieved from the computed tomography scans of a healthy pelvis. A geometrically exact model by the means of three-dimensional scanning of the plastic pelvis was obtained. The material properties of the bony parts based on the data retrieved from the computed tomography scans were modified. The pelvis was divided into distinct segments and the proportion of the cortical and cancellous bone substance in each segment were determined to make the material properties accurate. In the validation of the pelvic model, a type C pelvic injury was simulated and the fracture of the sacrum and the symphyseolysis were stabilized with plates. These data were compared with those of previously performed cadaver experiments. Results: Based on the simulation performed on the new model, the shift values between the fragments of the broken sacrum approximated the reported values of our cadaver experiments and also arising strains remained in the tolerable interval. Conclusion: Our new finite element pelvic model represents the pelvis more accurately than the former one. As the validation of the model was successful, it is suitable for computerized simulation of any kind of fractures offering reliable results.
A nyāya a klasszikus hindu filozófia egyik legnagyobb és legmaghatározóbb iskolája, talán csak a vedānta tudhat magáénak több filozófust és több művet. 1 A nyāya kezdeteit sok bizonytalanság övezi, annyi azonban biztosnak látszik, hogy az Kr. e. III. században az alapjai már megvoltak, és talán valamivel későbbről maradt ránk Gautama Akṣapāda Nyāya-sūtrája ("a nyāya vezérfonala, " a továbbiakban NS), amely számos kommentátort sarkallt alkotásra, és egyszersmind meghatározó alapkövévé vált a klasszikus hindu filozófiának. A nyāyára szokás úgy tekinteni, mint India ortodox hindu logikai iskolájára, és habár idővel születtek tisztán logikai jellegű művek is, a nyāya elsősorban nem logikával, hanem ismeretelmélettel, a világgal, a világban létező és a világot megismerni akaró emberrel, a megismerhető dolgokkal, és így többek közt Istennel is foglalkozott.Bhāsarvajña az egyik legjelentősebb korai nyāya filozófus, már csak azért is, mert képes és hajlandó volt merőben új dolgokat mondani. Ezzel együtt életéről szinte semmit sem tudunk. Néhányan felvetették, hogy Bhāsarvajña kasmíri filozófus lenne, 2 ám a rendelkezésre álló érvek nem túl meggyőzőek. 3 Az is kérdéses, hogy Bhāsarvajña mikor élt és alkotott. Datálásának felső határát Udayanához köthetjük, így a felső határ 980 körül lehet. 4 Mivel Bhāsarvajña idézi Prajñākaraguptát a Nyāya-bhūṣaṇában, ezért az alsó határ Prajñākaragupta lenne, akinek munkás-1 Az alábbiakban közölt fordítás elkészítésében rengeteget segített nagyra becsült tanárom, Ruzsa Ferenc. Munkájáért köszönettel tartozom.
In this paper, I present some possible interpretations of the Nyaya theistic argument, mostly following the analysis of C. Bulcke, highlighting his original interpretation. Other interpretations, which follow the explanations in the Nyayabhasya and the Nyayavarttika, are also presented, as well as an anthropocentric reading introduced by D. H. H. Ingalls, and a sixth possible interpretation suggested by Ferenc Ruzsa. Of course, there are other scholarly accounts of the theistic sutras of the Nyayasutra, but they fall outside the scope of this paper. Before I progress to an analysis of these interpretations, I briefly discuss the development of early Nyaya literature so that we can have a better understanding of this system and the legitimacy of numerous interpretations of the very same sutras.
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