Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide, therefore it is considered a major health concern. Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer which affects women on a global scale. Various current treatment strategies have been implicated for breast cancer therapy that includes surgical removal, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted biological therapy. However, constant effort is being made to introduce novel therapies with minimal toxicity. Gene therapy is one of the promising tools, to rectify defective genes and cure various cancers. In recent years, a novel genome engineering technology, namely the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 (Cas9) has emerged as a gene-editing tool and transformed genome-editing techniques in a wide range of biological domains including human cancer research and gene therapy. This could be attributed to its versatile characteristics such as high specificity, precision, time-saving and cost-effective methodologies with minimal risk. In the present review, we highlight the role of CRISPR/Cas9 as a targeted therapy to tackle drug resistance, improve immunotherapy for breast cancer.

Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window (VRPTW), an extension of VRP, is a complex combinatorial problem having many real life applications. It can be described as the problem of minimizing the total route cost while satisfying the capacity and time window constraint. Ant Colony System (ACS) is a meta heuristic that is often applied to solve VRPTW. In this paper an attempt has been made to enhance the already existing ant colony system to solve the problem efficiently. Experimentation with the Solomon data sheet is performed and compared with best known results available in literature.

Background : Learning disability belongs to a heterogeneous group of disorders which exhibits with significant difficulties in acquiring and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or mathematical calculation. This condition broadly affects the scholastic and functional skills of the children. The Aim of this study is To know the level of understanding on learning disabilities in children among primary school teachers in R.L.Jalappa central school at Kolar. Setting and Design: A descriptive survey approach with non-experimental research design was adopted .The study was conducted on primary school teachers at R.L Jalappa central school, Tamaka, Kolar. Materials and Methods: The samples were chosen by using non-probability convenient sampling technique with the sample size of 30 primary school teachers. A structured knowledge questionnaire on learning disabil-ity with 35 items by using self- administration method. Statistical Analysis: The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics like frequency, per-centage, mean, standard deviation and chi-square test. Results: Majority 14(46.6%) of the primary school teachers were in the age group of above 31-35 years and 19(63.3%) were female .Most of the primary school teachers 11(36.7%) were qualified with B.Sc, B.Ed; Regarding total years of experience as a teacher 12(40%) of them have less than 5 years of experience. In regard to level of knowledge; Out of 30 primary school teachers, 18(60%) of them had inadequate knowledge, 11(36.7%) had moderately adequate knowledge and 01(3.3%) of them had adequate knowledge. Conclusion : Since learning disabilities were accepted as a major problem in school going population in today’s world. The findings of the study suggested that there was a need for giving structured teaching programme as well as some training for the primary school teachers. Keywords: Learning disability, Knowledge, Primary School Teachers

No abstract

Standard‐of‐care regimens for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) include a combination of chemotherapies, which are associated with toxicity and eventually tumor resistance. The lack of relevant tool to identify and evaluate new therapies in PDAC necessitates the search for a model, especially for cases with treatment resistance to standard of care. In the study from Peschke et al (2022), they describe a longitudinal platform to identify drug‐induced vulnerabilities following standard‐of‐care chemotherapy treatment using patient‐derived organoids (PDOs) providing an opportunity to predict therapeutic response and define new treatment vulnerability induced by standard of care. Previously, tumor resistance to chemotherapy has typically been described as selection for resistant tumor cell populations. However, Peschke et al (2022) demonstrated that PDAC cells seemed to acquire resistance not only through genetic changes, but also through modifications in cellular plasticity leading to gene expression and metabolism changes. Thus, the study supports this type of platform for the identification of new therapeutic targets following standard‐of‐care treatments in PDAC.

Background: Genial tubercles (GT) show different patterns in their shapes and position. Aim: To evaluate the position and dimensions of the GT.

No abstract

No abstract