Abstract-The surge in vehicular network research has led, over the last few years, to the proposal of countless network solutions specifically designed for vehicular environments. A vast majority of such solutions has been evaluated by means of simulation, since experimental and analytical approaches are often impractical and intractable, respectively. The reliability of the simulative evaluation is thus paramount to the performance analysis of vehicular networks, and the first distinctive feature that has to be properly accounted for is the mobility of vehicles, i.e., network nodes. Notwithstanding the improvements that vehicular mobility modeling has undergone over the last decade, no vehicular mobility dataset is publicly available today that captures both the macroscopic and microscopic dynamics of road traffic over a large urban region. In this paper, we present a realistic synthetic dataset, covering 24 hours of car traffic in a 400-km 2 region around the city of Köln, in Germany. We describe the generation process and outline how the dataset improves the traces currently employed for the simulative evaluation of vehicular networks. We also show the potential impact that such a comprehensive mobility dataset has on the network protocol performance analysis, demonstrating how incomplete representations of vehicular mobility may result in over-optimistic network connectivity and protocol performance.
Simulation is the tool of choice for the largescale performance evaluation of upcoming telecommunication networking paradigms that involve users aboard vehicles, such as next-generation cellular networks for vehicular access, pure vehicular ad hoc networks, and opportunistic disruption-tolerant networks. The single most distinguishing feature of vehicular networks simulation lies in the mobility of users, which is the result of the interaction of complex macroscopic and microscopic dynamics. Notwithstanding the improvements that vehicular mobility modeling has undergone during the past few years, no car traffic trace is available today that captures both macroscopic and microscopic behaviors of drivers over a large urban region, and does so with the level of detail required for networking research. In this paper, we present a realistic synthetic dataset of the car traffic over a typical 24 hours in a 400-km 2 region around the city of Köln, in Germany. We outline how our mobility description improves today's existing traces and show the potential impact that a comprehensive representation of vehicular mobility can have one the evaluation of networking technologies. I. INTRODUCTIONVehicular environments have become increasingly attractive to the telecommunication networking research community over the last years. The reason is that cars are envisioned to become real communication hubs in the near future, thanks to the proliferation of smartphones and tablets, whose Internetconnection capabilities appear especially appealing to passengers aboard cars, as well as to the growing presence of radio interfaces on the vehicles themselves.Enhanced infrastructure-based systems, involving, e.g., the WiMAX and LTE-A technologies, and novel communication paradigms, such as, e.g., ad hoc and opportunistic networking, are being studied in order to accommodate the traffic generated and requested by forthcoming communicating vehicles. Most of these solution require large-scale performance evaluations that are not feasible through experimentation directly, due to costs and complexity. Simulation becomes thus the tool of choice to assess the quality such solutions.When simulating a vehicular network, particular attention must be paid to faithfully represent the unique dynamics of car mobility, characterized at a time by high-peak high-variance speeds, road topology-and road rules-constrained movements, and strong movement correlations over time and space. These properties are the result of macroscopic and microscopic car traffic dynamics, that need to be properly modeled in order to perform a simulative campaign whose results are credible.The relevance of mobility modeling in the simulation of vehicular networks is widely acknowledged, a factor that has led to a substantial progress in the quality of car movement traces for vehicular networking research. The simplistic stochastic models employed in early works [1], [2] have been replaced by
The experimental evaluation of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) implies elevate economic cost and organizational complexity, especially in presence of solutions that target large-scale deployments. As performance evaluation is however mandatory prior to the actual implementation of VANETs, simulation has established as the de-facto standard for the analysis of dedicated network protocols and architectures. The vehicular environment makes network simulation particularly challenging, as it requires the faithful modelling not only of the network stack, but also of all phenomena linked to road traffic dynamics and radio-frequency signal propagation in highly mobile environments. In this Chapter, we will focus on the first aspect, and discuss the representation of mobility in VANET simulations. Specifically, we will present the requirements of a dependable simulation, and introduce models of the road infrastructure, of the driver's behaviour, and of the traffic dynamics. We will also outline the evolution of simulation tools implementing such models, and provide a hands-on example of reliable vehicular mobility modelling for VANET simulation.
Wi-Fi offloading is one of the most effective approaches to relieve the cellular radio access from part of the burgeoning mobile demand. To date, Wi-Fi offloading has been mainly leveraged in limited contexts, such as home, office or campus environments. In this paper, we investigate the scaling properties of Wi-Fi offloading, by studying how it would perform on a much larger scope than those considered today. To that end, we consider a real-world citywide scenario, built on data about actual infrastructure deployments and mobile traffic demand, and observe which amount of traffic could be accommodated by the existing pervasive Wi-Fi access infrastructure, were it opened to mobile users. We find that more than 80% of the mobile traffic demand in a large urban area may be easily served by Wi-Fi access points, under a wide range of system settings.
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