Technologies based on microalgae-bacteria seem to be sustainable options for wastewater treatment and reuse, with lower costs than conventional biological treatment technologies. Furthermore, they can generate added-value products produced from algae biomass. Among other advantages, the consortium bacteriaalgae produce photosynthetic oxygen through the microalgae, which can be used by aerobic bacteria for oxidizing organic matter and nitrogen, thus reducing the need for introducing artificial oxygen. In this review paper, the main systems that use microalgaebacteria consortium are discussed. Microalgae-bacteria present advantages in the removal of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus, when compared with conventional biological treatment systems (e.g., activated sludge, percolating filters and ponds), and are able to produce final effluents for reuse (e.g., in agricultural irrigation, industry or aquifer recharge) and excess of microalgae that can be converted to added-value products such as biogas and biofuels. Attention is given to the innovative aspects of applying photobioreators to the treatment and reuse of pulp and paper effluents and fiber-waste-based recycling wastewaters, which seems to open a new opportunity for the pulp, paper and recycling paper industries. Keywords: fiber-waste-based industry, microalgae-bacteria consortium, removal of nutrients, wastewater treatment
Hydrological information is essential for adequate water resources management as well as for water supply, energy supply, water allocation, among other services. However, this information does not always exist in quantity and quality to be used in hydrological or water management studies, and alternative methods are required to estimate minimum flows. Estimation based on homogeneous regions enables to transfer observation data from a known location to a location without data, but in the same region. Since the fluviometric stations in the state of Goiás (Brazil) are not uniformly distributed, the present work aimed at delimiting homogeneous regions of minimum flows, using the cluster grouping method with the K-means algorithm.Thus, 71 fluviometric stations with at least 5 years of continuous data were selected, obtained from the HIDROWEB system. In addition to the observed data, other variables were considered, such as drainage area, perimeter, specific minimum flows Q7,10, Q90, Q95 and average slope. The use of all these variables together with the observed data made it possible to determine,with great accuracy, 5 homogeneous regions of minimum flows based on the cluster analysis, enabling to obtain the minimum flows of reference for each region.In the selected homogeneous regions, it was possible to observe that the regions with the highest values of average slope presented smaller minimum flows, and the same could be observed under inverse conditions, i.e., lower values of average slope had higher minimum flows.It is also noteworthy that river monitoring is deficient in the center-south and center-north parts of the state of Goiás, making water resources management difficult. This fact indicates, therefore, the need to expand the river monitoring system throughout the state, especially in its southern and northern regions.
A construção de um novo bairro em Palha Sé (cidade da Praia, ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde) e a necessidade de se tratarem as águas residuais aí produzidas, suscitaram o interesse no seu reúso no próprio bairro e no Aeroporto Internacional da Praia o que poderia levar a poupanças consideráveis no consumo de água dessalinizada e de custos associados à sua utilização para fins onde não é necessário utilizar água potável. Foi realizada uma estimativa do volume de águas residuais gerado no bairro para 2025, 2030 e 2050, bem como os seus consumos de água potável (para irrigação de espaços verdes e lavagem de áreas pavimentadas) e no aeroporto (para irrigação de espaços verdes, descarga de sanitários, lavagem de pavimentos, arruamentos, pistas, estacionamentos, passeios públicos, aeronaves, veículos e equipamentos de apoio e para simulação de combate a incêndios), para o mesmo período. Os resultados mostram, para um horizonte de 25 anos, que 70% (2025), 60% (2035) e 41% (2050) das águas residuais produzidas no bairro, após tratamento superior ao secundário, poderiam ser reusadas em ambos os espaços. A irrigação seria o maior consumidor no bairro (71% (2025), 66% (2035) e 57% (2050)), enquanto as lavagens levariam o maior consumo no aeroporto (84% (2025), 81% (2035) e 81% (2050)). No conjunto, a irrigação e as lavagens em ambos os espaços consumiriam 96% (2025), 95% (2035) e 95% (2050).
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