In medicine stem cell–based treatments are being used in conditions like Parkinson's disease, neural degeneration following brain injury, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. In dentistry, recent exciting discoveries have isolated dental stem cells from the pulp of the deciduous and permanent teeth, from the periodontal ligament, and an associated healthy tooth structure, to cure a number of diseases. The aim of the study was to review the applications of stem cells in various fields of dentistry, with emphasis on its banking, and to understand how dental stem cells can be used for regeneration of oral and non-oral tissues conversely. A Medline search was done including the international literature published between 1989 and 2011. It was restricted to English language articles and published work of past researchers including in vitro and in vivo studies. Google search on dental stem cell banking was also done. Our understanding of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the tissue engineering of systemic, dental, oral, and craniofacial structures has advanced tremendously. Dental professionals have the opportunity to make their patients aware of these new sources of stem cells that can be stored for future use, as new therapies are developed for a range of diseases and injuries. Recent findings and scientific research articles support the use of MSC autologously within teeth and other accessible tissue harvested from oral cavity without immunorejection. A future development of the application of stem cells in interdisciplinary dentistry requires a comprehensive research program.
Saroglitazar is a dual PPAR-α/γ agonist approved for the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. In addition to reduction in atherogenic lipids, it may also contribute to improvement in insulin sensitivity through PPAR-α/γ agonism, which remains unexplored. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in treatment-naive T2DM individuals with serum triglyceride >150 mg/dL. Participants were randomized to receive either saroglitazar 4 mg or placebo (1:1) daily for 4 months (n = 30). Insulin sensitivity (SIclamp) was studied using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp at baseline and at 4 months. We observed a significant reduction in TG (p = 0.001), HbA1c (p = 0.019) and fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.019) and significant increase in HDL-C levels (p < 0.01) with saroglitazar compared to placebo. Further, patients on saroglitazar had a greater improvement in SIclamp (p = 0.026) with the effect persisting despite adjusting for baseline weight, TG, HDL-C and HbA1c (p = 0.002). This was accompanied with significant increase in HOMA-β (p = 0.01) in the saroglitazar group and change in HOMA-β showed a trend towards significance with SIclamp (r = 0.503, p = 0.056). However, change in SIclamp did not significantly correlate with reduction in HbA1c and TG. We conclude that saroglitazar effectively reduces hypertriglyceridemia and improves insulin sensitivity along with β-cell function by reduction in gluco-lipotoxicity and possibly directly through PPAR-γ agonism in patients ofT2DM with hypertriglyceridemia.
Recent exciting discoveries isolated dental stem cells from the pulp of the primary and permanent teeth, from the periodontal ligament, and from associated healthy tissues. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) represent a kind of adult cell colony which has the potent capacity of self-renewing and multilineage differentiation. Stem cell-based tooth engineering is deemed as a promising approach to the making of a biological tooth (bio-tooth) or engineering of functional tooth structures. Dental professionals have the opportunity to make their patients aware of these new sources of stem cells that can be stored for future use as new therapies are developed for a range of diseases and injuries. The aim of this article is to review and understand how dental stem cells are being used for regeneration of oral and conversely nonoral tissues. A brief review on banking is also done for storing of these valuable stem cells for future use.
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