The twinkling artifact is a very useful color Doppler ultrasound tool for the detection of small urinary stones. We suggest the routine use of color Doppler in all suspicious cases in order to avoid unnecessary irradiating and expensive radiological methods.
mean summative OSCE scores of group A versus group B were 3.01 vs. 3.61 (part I), 3.10 vs. 3.88 (part II), 2.77 vs. 3.57 (part III), and 2.88 vs. 4.07 (part IV.). Significant differences were found at p value less than 0.005. Conclusions: The OSCE is applicable in diagnostic US. The formative OSCE not only shows to students what to learn but also provides information for tutors how to teach.
95%CI), 1.04 for HT group (SD 5 0.24), t-test was also highly significant with values under 0.05. Cut-off values for RI in incipient DN were above 0.72. PI values were higher with age in diabetic patients. Pi and RI were highly significant in case of patients with more than 5 years from the onset of diabetes. Conclusions: RI can be considered a suggestive parameter for the presence of DN. PI alongside RI correlated with the duration of diabetes, age and incipient DN. The Doppler US examination is difficult but objective measurements are still to be developed.
interactions between the central nervous system, the arterial and venous systems and the axis hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal. The main source of blood supply of the penis is through the internal pudenda artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery. The pudendal artery becomes the common penile artery, which is divided into three branches-dorsal, bulbourethral and cavernosal. For a proper assessment, we recommend to follow these requirements: space with appropriate privacy, provide a detailed explanation to the patient, obtain informed consent, use of B-mode, Color Doppler and spectral analysis display, intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs (i.e. Alprostadil), serial arterial velocity measurements, 5-10-15-20-30 min. It is necessary to document the five hemodynamic phases and measure the systolic and diastolic velocities in the cavernosal arteries. The normal peak systolic velocity (PSV) is equal or greater than 30 cm/s and the end diastolic velocity (EDV) is equal or less than 5 cm in the cavernosal arteries. The dorsal vein of penis has vmax less than 5 cm/s. Men with arteriogenic ED demonstrate PSV , 25 cm/s, with 100 % sensitivity and 95 % specificity. Venoocclusive dysfunction shows PSV 25 cm/s or greater with a persistent EDV.5 cm/s, with a sensitivity of 90 % and specificity of 56 %, in the setting of venous leak. Ultrasound is a valid method of assessing for arterial insufficiency and venoocclusive dysfunction.
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