The present study focused on isolation and selection of acetic bacteria of genus Acetobacter for acetic acid production throughout sugar of mango as carbohydrates source. Physicochemical parameters of mango were determined using AOAC standards method. Methods of microbiology were used for selection, phenotypical identification and physiological study of targeted strains. Acetic acid production was realized through batch fermentation process. Physicochemical parameters results showed that pH, reducing and total sugars, moisture and ash were ranged respectively 4.68, 32.11% (w/w), 43% (w/w), 84, 35% (w/w) and 1, 87% (w/w). Fifteen (15) strains were identified as belonging to Acetobacter. Four (04) targeted strains have presented maximum rate of growth ranged from 0.28 to 0.34 h-1. Acetic acid obtained by four strains varied respectively from 1.30 to 4.26% (v/v). These results demonstrated the possible use of mango juice as carbohydrate source to produce vinegar.
Most farmers in urban and peri-urban areas in West Africa have limited land, so practice farming systems targeted at the production of high-value crops used in urban diets, especially exotic vegetables. Moreover, rapid urban population growth and adverse climate change are causing increased demand for food and water, leading to water scarcity in those cities. The intense pressure of increasing food demand in cities pushes small farmers to depend on untreated wastewater, undecomposed manure, and pesticides for their production, which negatively affect the health of the population. This chapter presents an overview of the identification of pathway and levels of vegetables contamination in SSA and the identification of interventions employed to reduce public health risk. The microbiological and chemical assessment of irrigation water, fertiliser and vegetable samples collected from farms and markets in SSA revealed their contamination with pathogenic bacteria above the recommended standard of WHO and ICMSF. They were also contaminated by heavy metal above the safe limits by FAO/WHO and pesticide residues. The treatment of irrigation water, proper composting of manure and appropriate use of pesticides could be complement disinfection of vegetables before consumption to reduce public health risk.
L’utilisation des fertilisants chimiques dans l’agriculture s’est fortement accentuée ce dernier temps au Mali. En effet l’apport régulier du diammonium phosphate (DAP) peut influencer la mobilité du zinc, car les phosphates fixent cet élément. L’étude a pour but d’évaluer l’impact de l’utilisation de ce fertilisant phosphaté sur la disponibilité du zinc. Ainsi pour la caractérisation, l’échantillon est analysé par plusieurs méthodes physico-chimiques : la diffraction des rayons X et la microscopie électronique à balayage. Des essais d’absorption ont été réalisés avec cinq pots numérotés (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) contenant chacun 1 kg d’échantillon auxquels a été ajouté respectivement 0 ; 2 ; 4 ; 8 et 10 g du fertilisant. D’autres essais ont été conduits avec 3 g d’échantillons prélevés dans le pot P4, auxquels ont été appliqué respectivement 150 ppm, 300 ppm, 450 ppm et 600 ppm de zinc. Il ressort de ce travail que la quantité de Zn retenu est proportionnelle à celle du DAP et que la limite (rétention en 21 jours) = 499,9993 ppm > limite (rétention en 15 jours) = 499,9991 ppm > limite (rétention en 7 jours) = 499,9990 ppm > limite (rétention en 1 jour) = 499,9980 ppm. Cette étude a montré que le diammonium phosphate retient le zinc et influence donc sa biodisponibilité.Mots clés : Sol rizicole, Pana au Mali, rétention du zinc, impact de l’utilisation, Diammonium phosphate. English Title: Estimate the impact of phosphate diammonium usage on the availability of zinc in a rice producing soil in Mali The use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture has highly increased this last time in Mali. In fact the regular contribution of DAP can influence the mobility of zinc, because the phosphate fix this element. The object of this study is to estimate the impact of this phosphate fertilizer on the availability of zinc. So for the characterization, the sample is analysed through several physico-chemical methods: the X rays diffraction and the sweeping electronic microscopy. Some absorbing tests have been carried out with five numbered pots (P0, P1, P2, P3, P4) containing each 1 kg of sample to which has been added respectively 0; 2; 4; 8 and 10 g of the fertilizer. Other tests have conducted with 3 g samples removed from the pot P4, to which has been applied respectively 150 ppm, 300 ppm, 450 ppm and 600 ppm of zinc. As a result of the work the quantity of zinc retained is proportional to the one of DAP and the limit (retention in 21 days) = 499.9993 ppm > limit (retention in 15 days) = 499.9991 ppm > limit (retention in 7 days) = 499.9990 ppm > limit (retention in 1 day) = 499.9980 ppm. This study has shown that the phosphate diammonium retains the zinc and influences in this case its bioavailability.Keywords: Rice producing soil, Pana in Mali, zinc retention, the impact of the usage, phosphate diammonium.
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