Raw materials from some mines from the Iraqi Westren Desert were used to manufacture tap water porcelain filter. They were Montmorolinite clays, Sand, Limestone, and remnants of the membership. These materials were cleaned dried grind and sieved to the required size then several homogenous mixtures were prepaired using different amounts of the raw materials. Filter test samples were prepaired. Several testes were carried to get the porcelain propetrties. They were apparent density, apparent porosity, percentage of absorbed water, and hydraulic conductivity. Tests results of these properties showed that the addining of remnants of the membership has big effect on the porcelain properties and the changes of these properties depend on the amount of these additives in the porcelain body. As a result for these changes the amount of water which could be filtered by them would be increased respectly. These filters were compatible with important filter standard specifications such as toxicity test and suspended particles. The results showed that the filtered water were conformity with the specifications for public drinking water with high flow rates.
In this study, ceramic purifier (CP) was produced from a mixture of Iraqi raw materials. This ceramic mixture was prepared using Bentonite as a Clay, Porcelanite as a Silica, and Limestone as a flux. The produced ceramic filter was formed by semi-dry compressing method and was fired at 1200 C?. Physical properties of the produced CP were measured. A hydraulic test rig was constructed to study the hydraulic conductivity of the produced CP. The average hydraulic conductivity of the produced CP was 55 times that of commercial types of ceramic filters. The mineral composition of the produced ceramics was found by X-Ray tests. Tests results showed that all of the produced ceramics filters composed mainly of low Cristobalte and Tridoymite in addition to some of other minerals. Both of the raw and the water purified by produced ceramic were tested for a number of water quality parameters. that the ceramic disc purifier could remove, as an average percentages of removal, 99.98% of turbidity, 78.86% of the electrical conductivity , 81.61% of the total dissolved solids, 73.45% of Ca++, 49.69% of Na+, 55.63% of NO3-, 37.54% of HCO3- . The results showed that CP has excellent adsorption ability for solutes of seven heavy metals, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu and Zn, at concentrations of 1 mg/leach and 10 mg/l each. The adsorption capacities of each filter to adsorb seven heavy metals were computed according to Langmuir model and Freundlich models. The results showed variety in adsorption capacities for each heavy metal.
In this study, contaminated water was purified by ceramic purifieres produced from a mixture of Iraqi raw materials. These raw materials were activated kaolinite, Porcelanite, and Limestone. They were mixed with two different mixing pertcentages to produce two types of ceramic (AKP1 and AKP2). Ceramic filters were evaluated based on anumber of parameters that were: hydraulic conductivity, purified water properties, and adsorption ability. Results indicated that ceramics hydraulic conductivity have values 0.0024, and 0.0032 m/hr, respectively. The filtered water were tested for water quality parameters that the ceramic filters could remove, as an average percentages of removal, 99.9% to 3.26% by AKP1 and 100% to 64.67% by AKP2. The adsorption ability of the ceramics for solutes of seven heavy metals, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu and Zn, were measured. Results showed that most of the heavy metals ions were removed by the both types of filters that the removal varies between 98.18 and 100% of the initial concentration of each metal. The adsorption capacities of each filter to adsorb the heavy metals were computed according to Langmuir model and Freundlich models. The results showed The data were most fitted to Freundlich model.
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