The growing global economy resulted in an incessant increase in transportation and exploitation of oil. Hence, the oil spillage has been considered a serious threat to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, water purification has been considered a major challenge around the world. There are numerous classical methods available for oil removal from water, but owing to multiple defects and disadvantages, research efforts have focused to find such adsorbents which can improve oil adsorption capability. Traditional adsorbent material typically applied in oil removal includes activated carbon, organoclays, wool, zeolites, etc. These materials suffer from several drawbacks such as low absorption capacity, non-selective absorption, and complicated reusability, whereas nano-adsorbents offer multiple advantages such as having multiple sorption sites, large surface area, short intra-particle diffusion distance, tuneable pore size, and ease of low-temperature modification. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are extensively used adsorbent materials with a strong affinity for the removal of organic pollutants. The functionalization MWCNTs further increase the sorption capacity of adsorbents manifolds to remove organic materials. These nanocomposites are also compatible with green materials and considered environmentally friendly adsorbents. This review paper aims at providing an insight to understand the properties of the MWCNTs and their potential use to adsorb hydrocarbons from water. Moreover, the synthesis methods of those materials, their modification procedures including the functionalization with metal oxide nanoparticles, and applications are also discussed in detail. Graphic abstract

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The polymeric materials in this study underwent mechanical tests (tensile test, impact resistance and hardness), which explained the use of polymeric materials in engineering and industrial applications that need good mechanical properties compared to metals, ceramic materials and woods, and this is a good thing because it is characterized by low cost and high efficiency with application performance In this study, the polycarbonate polymer was characterized by its high tensile strength in the event of breakage, but the elongation values decreased compared with the polypropylene and polyethylene polymers, which were characterized by high elongation at the expense of tensile strength, as the polycarbonate polymer acted as a brittle material as for resistance to shock, which reflected the amount of energy absorbed From the striking hammer, the impact resistance of high-density polyethylene increased compared to other polymers, as well as the hardness whose values were close to the three types of polymers used, which confirms the importance of these types in the application used in engineering.

Recently, most of the researchers focused on provide lower greenhouse gas emissions that emitted from diesel engines by using renewable fuels to be good alternative to the conventional diesel fuel. Ethanol can be derived from renewable sources such as sugar cane, corn, timber and dates. In the current study, the ethanol fuel used in the tests was derived from the dates. The effects of using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) diesel-ethanol blend (E10) with on engine performance and emissions characteristics have been studied in diesel engine under various engine loads. This study focused the use of oxygen in the bio-ethanol composition to compensate for the decrease occurred by the addition of EGR, which improves the engine performance and reduces its emissions. In this experiment, the ratios of EGR were 10%, 20% and 30% as well as 10% ratio of ethanol was blended into the diesel fuel blend under fixed engine speed. A traditional (without additional systems to reduce emissions) four cylinders direct injection (DI) diesel engine was used for all tests. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased with increasing the EGR ratio by 10%, 20% and 30% by 18.7%, 22.4% and 37.4%, respectively. The thermal efficiency decreased under variable conditions of engine load for different ethanol blends. Furthermore, the emissions of NOX decreased when fuelled B10 into the engine in comparison with diesel under low engine load. Significant reduction in the NOx emissions were found when applied EGR in the tests than to the absence EGR for E10 blend and diesel. The NOx reduction rate was 12.3%, 30.6% and 43.4% when EGR rate was 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. In addition, the concentrations of HC and CO emissions decreased more by 8.23% and 6.4%, respectively, when using E10 in comparison with the diesel for various engine loads. It is indicated that the oxygen reduction by EGR effect was compensated from ethanol blend combustion. The results showed that the combination use of E10 and EGR leads to significant reduction in engine emissions accompanied with partial reduction in the engine performance.

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