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| Throughout the world pesticides are widely employed in agriculture sector in order to elevate crops' yield with low labour and efforts. Pesticides exposure leads to toxicity in many non-target organisms, fish being one of the most prominent among these. Most of the time acute concentration of these pesticides leads to mortality while sub lethal concentration of these pesticides result in different lethal changes. These changes may be in behaviour of the exposed fish such as change in feeding behaviour, attack or avoiding behaviour and reproductive behaviour, or other types of alterations such as changes in histology (liver, kidneys, gills, muscles, brain, intestine), haematology (RBCs, WBCs or Plasma), anti-oxidant defence system (Glutathione reductase, Peroxidase, Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione-S-transferase etc.), changes in nutrient profile (Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Moisture content and Ash etc.) and worth of the fish, hormonal or enzymatic alterations, oxygen consumption, and DNA damage or damage at genes level (genotoxicity). Different environmental agencies are working on this aspect and that's why there are a large number of banned chemicals. Still these chemicals are available in markets. Certain newly synthesized pesticides (insecticides or fungicides etc.) and extensive use of these chemicals are always there to maximize the problem for aquatic organisms especially fish. This article focuses on the same aspect of ecotoxicology and reviews some major induced toxicological aspects of pesticides in fish including behavioural changes, histopathological damages, haematological alterations, biochemical changes, fluctuations in acetylcholinesterase activity, vicissitudes in protein contents, induced genotoxicity, alterations in feeding biology, oxygen consumption and oxygen stress all across the world.

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Air pollution causes severe physical and psychological health complications. Considering China’s continuously-deteriorating air quality, this study aimed to assess the self-reported effects of air pollution on the behavior and physical health of the students of 13 densely populated cities, and their awareness, practices, and perception of air pollution and its associated public health risks. A detailed, closed-ended questionnaire was administered to 2100 students from 54 universities and schools across China. The questionnaire, which had 24 questions, was categorized into four sections. The first two sections were focused on air pollution-associated behavior and psychology, and physical effects; while the final two sections focused on the subjects’ awareness and perceptions, and practices and concerns about air pollution. The respondents reported that long-term exposure to air pollution had significantly affected their psychology and behavior, as well as their physical health. The respondents were aware of the different adverse impacts of air pollution (respiratory infections, allergies, and cardiovascular problems), and hence had adopted different preventive measures, such as the use of respiratory masks and glasses or goggles, regularly drinking water, and consuming rich foods. It was concluded that air pollution and haze had negative physical and psychological effects on the respondents, which led to severe changes in behavior. Proper management, future planning, and implementing strict environmental laws are suggested before this problem worsens and becomes life-threatening.

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Relatively poorly developed digestive and immune systems appear as key factors for low survivability and reduced growth rate of major carp during early development stages. Here, an attempt has been made to improve the digestive capability and immune response of Labeo rohita larvae by feeding diets supplemented with yeast and bacterial based probiotics Geotrichum candidumQAUGC‐01 and Bacillus cereus,locally isolated from yogurt and gastrointestinal tract of an adult healthy L. rohita respectively, and evaluate their effects on the survival, growth, digestive enzyme activity, muscle composition and intestinal bacterial load. Eleven week feeding experiment in triplicate with four groups was conducted in a completely randomized design. Control group was given only basal feed devoid of probiotic, T1 and T2 groups was provided basal diet supplemented with G. candidum and B. cereus respectively at similar rate, that is, 1 × 109 CFU/g feed, while T3 group was fed a diet supplemented with consortium of both probiotics, each at the rate of 1 × 109 CFU/g feed. G. candidum showed the most significant effect (p < 0.001) on final weight, SGR, biomass, survival (%), microbial gut count and muscle composition. Intestinal enzymes activities also showed significant variation, as amylase activity was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in T1, while T3 group of fish showed higher activity of cellulase and protease. Likewise, after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, T1 group showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher survival. This study signifies the higher efficiency of G. candidum in comparison to B. cereus and suggests its inclusion in the diet for early rearing of L. rohita.

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