In the present study, strains of Bacillus and Rhizobium were evaluated for their efficacy to produce auxin and to enhance the growth of Vigna radiata (L.) under drought stress. Colorimetric analysis indicated the production of auxin in bacterial culture supernatants in the presence of 0, 200, and 500 µg ml-1 L-tryptophan. At 500 µg ml-1 of L-tryptophan, B. subtilis Z-24, and B. simplex Z-38 produced significant levels of 41.4 and 24.8 µg ml-1 auxin, respectively. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) also detected the auxin production by bacterial strains. In vitro rooting assay also recorded maximum increase in number of lateral roots with B. simplex Z-02, over control. For pot trials, seeds treated with single and mixed bacterial cultures were grown under 28%, 20%, and 10% field capacities (FC) of loamy soils. At 28% FC (normal water level), maximum increase of 28% dry weight was observed for R. rosettiformans Z-30; as compared to respective control. At 10% FC (highest water stress), significant increases of 87% and 70% in fresh weight and root length were recorded by B. cereus Z-59 and B. simplex Z-37, respectively. In case of mixed culture, C-3 (Z-38, Z-20, and Z- 30) and C-2 (Z-59, Z-20, and Z-23) were the most effective to enhance up to 68% dry weight and 13% shoot length of plants under drought stress (10% FC). Results showed that Bacillus and Rhizobium strains have the potential to produce auxin and improved the growth of mung beans under drought stressed conditions.
In current study, PGPRs (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Cannabis sativa and assessed for their potential of auxin biosynthesis and enhancement of growth of Vigna mungo. Strains identified on account of morphological characteristics and Gram’s staining were confirmed by 16S rRNA gene analysis for final taxonomic status. Nine bacterial strains showed similarity with genus Bacillus while B16 and B17 showed similarity with Serratia marcescens and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, respectively. Colorimetric analysis of bacterial culture supernatants revealed the auxin synthesis and production ability of the isolated strains at 0 and 500 µg ml-1 concentrations of L-tryptophan. At 500 µg ml-1 L-tryptophan concentration, B. subtilis (B15), S. maltophilia (B17) and B. subtilis (B11) produced significant levels of 217.1, 197.3 and 116.4 µg ml-1 auxin, respectively (P<0.05). In vitro rooting assay manifested a significant increase of 60% and 84% in root length with B. subtilis (B15) and B. subtilis (B11) over control, respectively (P<0.05). For pot trials seeds of Vigna mungo treated with bacterial strains single cultures were evaluated for their ability to enhance plant growth. For shoot length, P. aryabhattai (B9) and B. licheniformis (B3) recorded 75% and 74% increases, respectively, over control (P<0.05). For fresh weight, B. subtilis (B5) and P. aryabhattai (B9) showed 33% significant improvements, over control (P<0.05). While B. subtilis (B5) exhibited 31% increase in dry weight, in comparison with control (P<0.05). The results demonstrate that bacterial strains isolated from C. sativa can synthesize auxin and thus promote the growth of V. mungo.
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is the most widely domesticated animal worldwide. Food biosafety is a great concern for consumers, producers, and public health organizations around the world. The poultry sector contributes 3.1% to the GDP of Pakistan. Infections caused by bacteria and viruses in poultry pose a serious threat to consumer health and economic burden in Pakistan while accurate figures are still unknown due to several factors, including inadequate surveillance, management, monitoring, and infection control. The chicken samples were procured from Shadman, Moon, Karim Block, Tollinten, Jallo and Wapda Town meat market of Lahore, Pakistan. Overall, 63 bacterial strains were isolated from complex and selective media and further processed for characterization. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacterial strains were exhibiting genetic similarity with Proteus, Shigella, Providencia, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Myroides, Enterococcus, Serratia, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Macrococcus and Kluyvera. Bacterial strains were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility testing, swarming motility, and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by using discs of tetracycline, gentamycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. Bacterial strains were recorded as resistant to all antibiotics except chloramphenicol. It was confirmed that chicken meat was infested with potential opportunistic human pathogens. To overcome the foodborne illnesses and to control the microbial load, food safety measures should be taken by following the standard protocols. In Pakistan, slaughterhouse environment, their sanitary conditions, storage, and transportation may be responsible in spreading the pathogens to food products.
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