Nimesulide is a preferential COX-2 inhibitor. It has high anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. It has poor aqueous solubility (0.01mg/ml). Solubility of nimesulide was studied using different cosolvent mixtures and various classes of nonionic surfactants. Dimethylacetamide (DMA); at 10% v/v exhibited the highest solubilizing effect (10-fold) towards nimesulide as compared with other cosolvents. Among the tested nonionic surfactants at 10% w/v, brij 58 which exhibited the highest solubilization effect (39-fold). The dissolution of nimesulide from solid dispersions was also studied. Solid inclusion complexes of nimesulide with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP β-CD) were prepared at a molar ratio of 1:1. Eutectic mixtures were obtained at weight ratio of 1:9 binary systems as confirmed by DSC studies. The dissolution studies indicated that the highest relative amounts dissolved were obtained from solid dispersions as compared with physical mixtures or pure nimesulide. Also higher relative amounts dissolved were obtained with polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVPs) at weight ratio of nimesulide/PVP 40000 1:7. Physicochemical characterization of pure drug, PVP 40000, nimesulide/PVP 40000 solid dispersion and the physical mixture at this ratio were conducted by DSC, FTIR, X-RPD and SEM. The DSC thermograms and X-RPD patterns demonstrated that nimesulide existed in an amorphous form and there is an intermolecular hydrogen bond between the drug and the carrier as shown from FTIR analysis. SEM images confirmed the absence of the crystalline structure of nimesulide in the solid dispersion.
Self-medications practice is increasing widely. It is expected to be higher in health students due to their awareness and knowledge of diseases and medicines. The Aim of the study to assess the self-medications among the first year students of health science facilities in Aden University, Yemen. Cross sectional study was conducted using Questionnaire from previous study served as the data collection instrument among first year students who were available during study period. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the frequency of variable A total of 231 out of 250 questionnaires were completed and returned, which gives the response rate of 92.4%. 119 (51.5 %) of respondents were male and 112(48.5%) of them were female. Approximately 69 (29.9 %) of respondents had no Knowledge on definition of Self-medication at all, only 25 (10.8 %) had very much knowledge about it , majority of respondents 82 (68.9 %) stated that they did so because the illness were minor were among the most reasons for self-medication, followed by prior experiences with the previous episode and treatment 72 (60.5 %), emergency use 54(45.4 %), quick relief 46 (38.7%) , cost effectiveness 42 (35.3 %) and 39 (32.8 %) of respondents reported that lack of time to go for consultation . The most common sources of information used by the respondent were text books and pharmacists. The attitude was positive towards self-medication and favored self-medication saying that it was acceptable. Self-medication habits were common among first year students of faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at Aden University in Yemen. An urgent and rapid intervention should be made to promote health awareness of the self-medication among students because the percentages of using antibiotics and other classes of medicines are alarming. Students must be educated about the potential hazard of using medicines without physician advices and their serious adverse reactions. The Ministry of Health and Population must enact laws regulating the dispensing of medicines from pharmacies
Generic drugs are less expensive than innovator drugs, and their proliferation has become a problem in low-income countries. They need to be therapeutically and pharmaceutically equivalent to the innovator. Levocetirizine dihydrochloride is an effective drug for relieving the signs of chronic urticaria, perennial allergic rhinitis, and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Our investigation into this drug in private pharmacies in Aden, Yemen, revealed that it is sold under the names of 28 brands from different countries of origin. Because of this, it is difficult for medical professionals and patients who use this medication without a prescription to select a suitable, safe, and cost-effective drug product. We assessed the quality and equivalency of six different brands of levocetirizine dihydrochloride film-coated tablets and assigned codes A, B, C, D, E, and F, with Brand A serving as the reference. The UV analytical method was evaluated for quantifying the drug from the tablets. The results indicated that it was accurate and precise. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time, and dissolution. In order to compare the drug's dissolving profiles, the difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2) were used. For all six brands, the physicochemical parameter results met the acceptable limits. All six brands showed evidence of dissolving within 15 minutes, with values ranging from 80.05 ±0.81 to 103.83 ±0.90 which were within the recommended value of 80% within 30 minutes for oral solid dosage forms intended for immediate release. According to the f1 and f2 results, only brands B, D, and E were comparable to brand A and could be used interchangeably. In conclusion, four of the six brands are interchangeable. For high-quality public health, a thorough analysis and ongoing monitoring are needed to ascertain the quality and equivalency of the medications marketed under various brands.
One of the most important issues for bitter-tasting drugs such as levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LCD) is the production of palatable dosage forms. LCD also has a delayed onset of action following oral administration. In this study, solid dispersed fast-dissolving films (FDFs) of LCD using the solvent casting method for oral application were prepared and evaluated. The FDF is composed of HPMC as the film forming polymer and different types of superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, or crospovidone). FDF containing crospovidone showed the highest percentage release of the drug (100.54% ± 1.47 within 3 min.) and was chosen for fabricating into palatable solid dispersed FDFs using different ratios of gelatine. The results of Raman and FTIR revealed that the drug’s crystalline structure has been disrupted, and the drug has intermolecular hydrogen bonds with gelatine. The solid dispersed FDF (LF-7), which contained the drug in the form of a 1 : 1 solid dispersion with gelatine, showed a rapid in vitro disintegration (25 seconds) and a burst release of the drug (99.22% ± 2.22 within one min). The in vivo studies were conducted on human participants and showed a significant ( p < 0.05 ) reduction in disintegration time (9.43 ± 2.16 sec.) and higher taste masking ability of the solid dispersed FDF (LF-7) compared to the nonsolid dispersed FDF (LF-4). The stability studies indicated that the prepared FDF remained stable over three months. Overall, FDFs of levocetirizine dihydrochloride with a palatable and rapid onset of action were developed to relieve allergic symptoms.
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