Substance P (SP) is a peptide involved in many biological processes, including nociception and inflammation. SP has a high affinity for its receptor neurokinin-1 (NK-1R). SP/NK-1R complex plays a major role in the interactions going on during the onset of dental pain and inflammation. Objective. To identify the expression of NK-1R in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp, as well as to identify any association with severity of dental pain. Methods. This case-control study included ten irreversibly inflamed samples of dental pulp, which were extirpated from patients presenting with chief complaint of dental pain due to caries. Ten healthy pulps, extirpated from those teeth which were indicated for extraction due to orthodontic reasons, were used as the control group. Visual analog scale (VAS) and modified McGill Pain Questionnaire were used to assess the characteristic and severity of pain. Immunohistochemical study was performed using monoclonal antibodies against NK-1R. Results. The results showed that the NK-1R was expressed intensely in patients with higher pain score. The mean pain score in cases was 7.0 ± 2.0 . The healthy dental pulps had negative or mild NK-1R staining of +1 intensity. The NK-1R score in cases was 2.4 ± 0.516 and 0.2 ± 0.4216 in controls. There was significant difference in NK-1R score between both groups ( p value <0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between the pain score and NK-1R expression score. As the pain increased, the NK-1R expression score was also increased (0.95 ∗ ∗ , p value 0.000). Conclusions. NK-1R is overexpressed in inflamed dental pulp. SP/NK-1R modulation may provide a novel approach for the treatment of pulpal inflammation and pain.
already experiencing significant revenue and job losses. The ability to ‘Work from Home’ (WFH) can helpdamp down the impact of the situation, undoubtedly. Overall, the effects of WFH arrangements rely a loton the job status of parents and presence of dependents (children & elderly), and this current situation islikely to intensify these differences. It does not necessarily mean, however, that the effect of the crisisshould inevitably be gender neutral. Working women have been particularly affected. It seems to be veryfascinating to work from home, while sitting on a comfortable couch, casually dressed, even sometimesin sleep suits, without stepping out in scorching heat and wasting time in traveling, but this may not be apreferred situation for everybody, especially women. The most significant impact on working womenduring the crisis will be trying to balance household demands, childcare needs and work demands.The group most likely to be hardest hit then would be lower income families with young children, and singlemothers in particular. Generally women are in charge of planning, organizing and recalling of everythingthat needs to be remembered. The mental stress and load that comes with such work has risenexponentially in present circumstances. Even though many countries are relied on lockdown to controlwidespread of COVID-19 pandemic, the mental problems such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, suicidalthoughts and other psychological trauma are most common in case of normal individual and extensive incase of people who are psychologically ill. Females are more prone to psychological distress. The mainconcern is to manage and provide opportunities for regulation of stress caused due to anxiety and lack ofpeer contact. Another main threat is an increased risk of parents to develop mental illness, women mayalso suffer from domestic violence and consequently it results child maltreatment. The current scenariomay be particularly challenging especially for children and adolescents with special needs ordisadvantages, such as disabilities, also if someone has prior trauma experiences, undiagnosed mentalhealth problems, background of migration and low socioeconomic status.Dr. Sana HassanUniversity College of Medicine and Dentistry,The University of Lahore, Teaching Hospital,Lahore, Pakistan
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the education sector throughout the globe resulted in closure of schools, colleges and universities. Consequently, there was a radical shift to e-learning and digital classrooms. Even long before COVID-19, there was already exponential growth and incorporation of technology in the education sector. It may be language apps, virtual tutoring, video conferencing tools, or online learning softwares, a momentous spurt has been noticed in usage of information technology since COVID-19. It is alarming that challenges associated with the transition to online learning would have the greatest impact on students learning capabilities in the midst of this chaos, as the strategies followed by teachers in a conventional classroom differs from those adopted in a virtual classroom. students engagement strategies in a traditional class at the campus differs from a virtual classroom. Basically, student engagement is a measure of how often a student attends to a task, assignment or activity during a class session. Studies clearly indicates positive relationships between student engagement and academic achievement. Engaged learners have demonstrated stronger satisfaction with learning experiences, stronger achievement in courses and increased graduation rates. When it comes to learning, commitment shown by students is affected by the level of motivation, concentration and cognitive aptitude of a learner, as well as the nature of online courses and the decisions of an instructor about his specific facilitation style. Efficient virtual coursework needs much more than "giving a Zoom account to any professor and letting the instructor take his course." Online teachingrequires a deliberate, careful approach to instructional design; particularly at a time when students are transiting at an astounding level following the COVID-19 outbreak. The concept of online learning is absolutely new for many students. Mostly students promoted to colleges from secondary schools are inexperienced and have inculcated habit of being spoon fed during early years. For such students anapproach of online teaching is highly unacceptable. Teachers need to be transparent about the aspirations of students and proactively train students, how to participate in this new landscape of learning. An increasing body of evidence indicates that the biggest obstacle to achieve comparable online learning success rates has been addressing the challenge of fostering the kind of collaboration students interaction and discussion, that are often the trademark for creating excellent teaching and learning environments. While it can be difficult to anticipate any struggle that a student may be e x p e r i e n c i n g w i t h o n l i n e l e a r n i n g , c l e a r communication is the key.
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