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In the present study, the hepatoprotective activity of the unsaponifiable matter (UNSAP) of olive oil, linseed, and sesame oils against CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats was investigated. In a preliminary antioxidant study, UNSAP showed pronounced DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 6.2-10.8 mg/mL). The constituents of UNSAP were determined by GC-MS. The subcutaneous administration of CCl4, caused liver injury. The hepatoprotective effect of UNSAP was comparable to that of α-tocopherol, a standard antioxidant agent. The co-administration of the investigated UNSAP normalized the activities of serum marker enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level were found to be alleviated by pre-treatment with the UNSAP. A histopathological evaluation showed marked improvement in the liver of UNSAP- and α-Tocopherol-treated animals. The hepatoprotective effect could be attributed to the antioxidant characteristics of UNSAP.

The influence of high fat diets (HFD) containing single fat; palm oil (PO),

The health benefits of olive oil are well-known. In this study, the unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil (Unsap) was investigated for reducing power capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, fer-rous chelating activity and nitric oxide inhibition. The present study was also designed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the Unsap against human carcinoma cells. The anti-inflammatory potential of Unsap has been determined via the inhibition of Human Cyclooxygenases. The results showed that Unsap is efficient for ferric reducing antioxidant power and nitric oxide inhibition. Unsap has a selective effect as anti-inflammatory agent. The results showed moderate to good in vitro antitumor activities of Unsap against human liver, lung and pancreas cancer cells with IC50 ranging from 19.6 to 30.4 μg/mL and good selectivity index (≥ 2). In conclusion, Unsap represents a promising and safe antitumor and antioxidant material that supports the need for further investigation.

Sunflower heads remaining after seed removal are a potential source of lowmethoxyl pectin (35% dry weight basis). Ultrasonic was used during extraction of pectin from alcohol insoluble solids of sunflower heads using 0.75% sodium hexametaphosphate (1:20, w:v). The extraction was carried out using different ultrasonic power levels (20, 40, 60 and 80% of maximal power) at 70, 80 and 90 o C for 15, 30 and 60 min. The obtained pectin was physically and chemically evaluated compared with commercial citrus low methoxyl pectin type 104 A/S of Hercules Copenhagen. The highest yield (23.20%) and recovery (66.4%) of pectin were obtained by using ultrasonic at 60% power at 80 o C for 15 min of extraction. These selected conditions yielded pectin with methoxyl content and degree of esterification of 4.55 and 31.97%, respectively. On the other hand, viscosity, gel strength, setting temperature and setting time of this pectin representing 80% of those of the commercial citrus low methoxyl pectin. Results showed that viscosity of the extracted pectin was gradually decreased with the increase of ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and extraction time.

The present work discusses an alternative process for degumming of soy bean oil (SBO) using ultrasonic waves. The main advantages of this method are exclusion of acid treatment and heating that are required in the conventional degumming method, no heat treatment required, very short time of processing is needed. Increasing ultrasonic intensity to 80% of the maximal ultrasound power during degumming of SBO for 5 seconds caused sharp decrease in the phosphorus content of the investigated oil by 77.5%, since it reached 19.5ppm. With regard to PV, p-Av, Totox and conjugated triene the neutralized ultrasonic degummed SBO was superior to the neutralized acid degummed SBO (industry scale).The newly developed degumming technique shows promise in producing good-quality soy bean oil for this step of refining. * Industry scale using phosphoric acid. ** Ultrasnoic intensity 80% of the maximal ultrasonic power. *** Totox =2X peroxide value+ anisidine value **** Rancimat Induction Time (h)

Six varieties of bleaching agents: Commercial, Engelhard and Tonsil bleaching earth, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide and charcoal were selected to evaluate their abilities on reducing color and gossypol content of color fixed neutralized cottonseed oil. Color of this oil was higher than 50 red units / 20 yellow using Lovibond Tintometer and 1 inch cell and its gossypol content was 200 ppm . The bleaching of the color fixed cottonseed oil was carried out by using two methods, conventional method (stirring oil with bleaching earth), and passing the oil on column filled with bleaching adsorbents. The aluminum oxide showed a superior adsorption capacity in reducing color to less than 1.4 red/20 yellow and reducing the gossypol content to 21 ppm, by using the column system. The conventional method failed to reduce the color of the treated samples therefore, alkaline pretreatments were conducted. The treatment of color fixed oil with alkaline solution (sodium hydroxide solution 14.5 Be o or sodium silicate at 45 Be o ) followed by conventional Engelhard bleaching earth treatment reduced the color of oil to values lower than 1.4 Red/20Yellow.