MicroRNAs (miRNA) are negative regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, which are involved in tumorigenesis. Two miRNAs, miR-15a and miR-16, which are located at chromosome 13q14, have been implicated in cell cycle control and apoptosis, but little information is available about their role in solid tumors. To address this question, we established a protocol to quantify miRNAs from laser capture microdissected tissues. Here, we show that miR-15a/miR-16 are frequently deleted or down-regulated in squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the lung. In these tumors, expression of miR-15a/miR-16 inversely correlates with the expression of cyclin D1. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, cyclins D1, D2, and E1 are directly regulated by physiologic concentrations of miR-15a/miR-16. Consistent with these results, overexpression of these miRNAs induces cell cycle arrest in G 1 -G 0 . Interestingly, H2009 cells lacking Rb are resistant to miR-15a/miR-16-induced cell cycle arrest, whereas reintroduction of functional Rb resensitizes these cells to miRNA activity. In contrast, down-regulation of Rb in A549 cells by RNA interference confers resistance to these miRNAs. Thus, cell cycle arrest induced by these miRNAs depends on the expression of Rb, confirming that G 1 cyclins are major targets of miR-15a/miR-16 in NSCLC. Our results indicate that miR-15a/miR-16 are implicated in cell cycle control and likely contribute to the tumorigenesis of NSCLC. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5553-9]

Diffusely infiltrating gliomas are among the most prognostically discouraging neoplasia in human. Temozolomide (TMZ) in combination with radiotherapy is currently used for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) patients, but less than half of the patients respond to therapy and chemoresistance develops rapidly. Epigenetic silencing of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) has been associated with longer survival in GBM patients treated with TMZ, but nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-mediated survival signaling and TP53 mutations contribute significantly to TMZ resistance. Enhanced NF-κB is in part owing to downregulation of negative regulators of NF-κB activity, including Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) and NF-κB inhibitor interacting RAS-like 2 (NKIRAS2). Here we provide a novel mechanism independent of TP53 and MGMT by which oncogenic miR-125b confers TMZ resistance by targeting TNFAIP3 and NKIRAS2. GBM cells overexpressing miR-125b showed increased NF-κB activity and upregulation of anti-apoptotic and cell cycle genes. This was significantly associated with resistance of GBM cells to TNFα- and TNF-related inducing ligand-induced apoptosis as well as resistance to TMZ. Conversely, overexpression of anti-miR-125b resulted in cell cycle arrest, increased apoptosis and increased sensitivity to TMZ, indicating that endogenous miR-125b is sufficient to control these processes. GBM cells overexpressing TNFAIP3 and NKIRAS2 were refractory to miR-125b-induced apoptosis resistance as well as TMZ resistance, indicating that both genes are relevant targets of miR-125b. In GBM tissues, high miR-125b expression was significantly correlated with nuclear NF-κB confirming that miR-125b is implicated in NF-κB signaling. Most remarkably, miR-125b overexpression was clearly associated with shorter overall survival of patients treated with TMZ, suggesting that this microRNA is an important predictor of response to therapy.

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-7 from <i>miR-15a</i> and <i>miR-16</i> Are Implicated in Cell Cycle Regulation in a Rb-Dependent Manner and Are Frequently Deleted or Down-regulated in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Supplementary Figure Legends 1-7 from <i>miR-15a</i> and <i>miR-16</i> Are Implicated in Cell Cycle Regulation in a Rb-Dependent Manner and Are Frequently Deleted or Down-regulated in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Supplementary Table 1 from <i>miR-15a</i> and <i>miR-16</i> Are Implicated in Cell Cycle Regulation in a Rb-Dependent Manner and Are Frequently Deleted or Down-regulated in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Supplementary Figure 2 from <i>miR-15a</i> and <i>miR-16</i> Are Implicated in Cell Cycle Regulation in a Rb-Dependent Manner and Are Frequently Deleted or Down-regulated in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Supplementary Figure 7 from <i>miR-15a</i> and <i>miR-16</i> Are Implicated in Cell Cycle Regulation in a Rb-Dependent Manner and Are Frequently Deleted or Down-regulated in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Supplementary Figure 6 from <i>miR-15a</i> and <i>miR-16</i> Are Implicated in Cell Cycle Regulation in a Rb-Dependent Manner and Are Frequently Deleted or Down-regulated in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer