New Zealand society is becoming more heterogeneous. A growing body of international literature suggests that heterogeneity lowers people's contributions towards public goods and social capital. We use two iterations of New Zealand census data to estimate the effect of ethnic, religious, income and language heterogeneity on neighbourhood volunteering rates while controlling for other factors. We use cross-section and fixed-effects analysis under various specifications, measures of diversity, and level of neighbourhood. Our cross-sectional results find that most dimensions of heterogeneity are negatively related with volunteering, consistent with international findings. However, our fixed effects results are much weaker, and cannot fully address the endogeneity problems posed by people's self-selection into neighbourhoods.heterogeneity, volunteering,
A systematic methodology is proposed for mathematically quantifying the effects of measurement inaccuracies due to instrument uncertainty in a human calorimetry project. Human thermal mechanisms are poorly understood at the systems level and this study investigates the importance of these mechanisms quantitatively. The proposed methodology uses sensitivity derivatives combined with sensor accuracies to quantify the effect of each heat transfer mechanism contributing to the errors in the system equations. The method is applicable to any differentiable model to be validated by experimentation. To illustrate the methodology, two example cases, a reclining nude resting subject and a reclining clothed working subject, are analyzed. The calculated expected errors clearly suggest specific modifications.
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