Objective: To study detailed Pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation and isolation of volatile oil, and TLC and GLC analysis of volatile oil of the leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) commonly known as Globethistle belongs to the family Asteraceae. The leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) used traditionally in Ayurveda for hyperlipidemia, epilepsy, mental illness, jaundice, diabetes, leprosy, fever cough, gastropathy, hernia, hemorrhoids, helminthiasis, dyspepsia and skin diseases and AIDS. The reports showed that it is also used for hypertensive, anxiolytic, neuroleptic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, anti-hyperglycaemic and hepato protective. It grows in rice fields, dry waste places and cultivated lands in tropical parts of India. Methods: Leaf of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) was studied by Macroscopical, Microscopical,Quantitative Microscopy, Physicochemical, Phytochemical analysis of leaf powder and extracts, isolation of volatile oil from the leaf, TLC and GLC analysis of the oil of the leaves and other methods for standardization recommended by WHO. Results: Macroscopically leaves are simple, alternate, oblong, spatulate, spinous, surface pubescent, base decurrently forming the wings of the stem, acute, glandular, hairy and narrowed at the base up to 5.0x1.5 cm, leaf margins are coarsely serrate or dentate. Fresh leaves are dark green in colour and dried leaves are greenish black colour. The leaves are bitter in taste with pleasant odour when fresh, the aroma gradually diminishing on drying and storing. The leaf has distinct midrib and thick, soft lamina. The midrib is plano-convex in cross-sectional view with single top-shaped collateral vascular bundle surrounded by parenchymatous cells. No sclerenchyma cells are seen in the vascular bundle. The lamina is dorsiventral; however the mesophyll tissue is not well differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues. Characteristic epidermal trichomes are abundant on the leaf. Some of the trichomes are covering-type and are multicellular, uniseriate, unbranched and whip-like others are biseriate, broad, unbranched, conical with vertically oblong cells and a few tiers of apical glandular cells. Stomata are anomocytic; anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells are highly wavy. Vein islets are distinct, with one, simple or branched vein terminations. Petiole is circular in sectional view with aerenchymatous outer ground tissue, broad central tissue and is open ring of discrete collateral vascular bundles. The investigations also included leaf surface data; quantitative leaf microscopy. Physiochemical parameters such as loss on drying, extractive values and ash values were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids (Isoflavone), tannins and volatile oil. TLC studies reveal that the presence of isoflavone glycosides. Essential oil have been analysed by GLC and their components were identified and quantified. Conclusions: The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations and applications.
Aim: In the present study, the phytochemical screening was carried out with the methanolic extract of Ficus auriculata Lour figs. Background: Naturally occurring phytoconstituents have long been utilised to treat illnesses, and these substances have provided natural product chemists with a source of structural diversity. Natural products are usually cited as a rich source of chemical variations in the search for new pharmacological leads or compounds. Objective: The investigation of chemical constituents of the methanolic extract resulted in the identification of a novel phytoconstituent, namely, 10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridin-1-ol (A), with acridine as a basic nucleus. Methods: The structure of the compound was established by spectroscopic analysis using FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and MS. Results: The purity of the compound was confirmed by RP-HPLC. Forty-eight known and reported compounds were also identified, along with novel compound-A. Among the forty-eight known compounds, forty-five compounds were first reported in Ficus auriculata Lour methanolic extract and the remaining three compounds (Campesterol, Stigmasterol, and Lanosterol) in the Ficus family. Based on the previous studies, acridine moieties have a significant role in biological activities. Conclusion: The compound-A, 10-methyl-9,10-dihydroacridin-1-ol was successfully isolated from the methanolic extract of the Ficus auriculata Lour fig. The structure of the novel compound was established by various spectral data obtained from FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and LC-MS/MS. Others: The isolated novel acridine derivative may be helpful for the development of lead moieties which may have various applications.
Insomnia is persistent difficulty in falling asleep that affects regular day time activities. It can induce significant psychological and physical disorder. Insomnia is treated pharmacologically and nonpharmacologically or by a combination of both. Relaxation, sleep restriction, stimulus control and sleep hygiene are known behavioural therapies for insomnia. Modern studies have shown that herbal drugs exert good sedative and hypnotic effect on the central nervous system. One such medicinal plants is Euphorbia hirta.. E. hirta belongs to the plant family Euphorbiaceae and genus Euphorbia. The leaf of Euphorbia hirta have several therapeutic applications in folk medicine in curing or managing wide range of diseases including insomnia. In the present study ethanol and aqueous extract of leaf Euphorbia ssssshirta was evaluated for sedative activity using phenobarbiton–induced sleep model in rat. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts (100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) produced significant onset of sleep and duration of sleep (p<0.01). These results suggest that the fractions of aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from the leaf of Euphorbia hirta possess sedative activity
Jatropha curcus belonging to the Family, Euphorbiaceous commonly known as physic nuts. It is well known herb all over the world. J.curcas oil is not edible and is traditionally used for manufacturing soap and other medicinal applications. It is an alternative fuel for diesel engines. This review is based on focusing on the biodiesel production from the plant Jatropha curcas.Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas seed oil involved three steps include extraction of oil from the seed, acid-catalyzed transesterification, and base-catalyzed transesterification, each of which is well-known and widely-utilized in today's biodiesel industry The produced bio diesel was characterized to obtain its physicochemical parameters such as flash point, pour point, cloud point, viscosity and density. The results obtained from the calculation of the yield of oil extracted revealed 54% of oil could be obtained from the Jatropha seeds used. According to the results, the values obtained from the analysis of the oil especially free fatty acid, density and kinematic viscosity of the oil were found to compare well with the standard (ASTM), which was an indication that the extracted oil was good and suitable for biodiesel production The considered parameters oil content, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value and acid value. These parameters were done in order to study the oil property of J curcas L which makes the oil most suitable for biodiesel production. In these reveals that biodiesel has become more attractive as an alternative to fossil diesel because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resource. J. curcas L. is a promising source of biodiesel since its seeds contain high amount of oil and the species has good agronomic traits.
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