Abstract:Environmental protection through implementation of green energies is progressively becoming a daily reality. Numerous sources of green energy were introduced in recent years. Although this process initially started with difficulties, it finally resulted in an acceleration and implementation of new green energy technologies. Nonetheless, new major obstacles are emerging. The most worldwide difficult obstacle encountered, especially for wind and photovoltaic electric power plants, is the not regular and predictable green energy production. This study proposes solutions designed to solve this unpleasant aspect of irregular production of green energy. The basic idea refers to the construction of specially designed nuclear power plants acting as energy buffers. Nuclear power plants, indeed, may behave as proper energy buffers able to work to a minimum capacity when the green energy (i.e., wind power or PV) is steadily produced (namely, when the energy generated by the turbines or PV panels is at full constant capacity) but that can also run at progressively increased capacities when the wind or solar energy production reduces or stops. The work get two major contributions: 1-propose to the achievement of an energy buffer using nuclear power plants (for the moment on nuclear fission); 2-shows some theoretical aspects important needed to carry out the reaction of the fusion.
Despite research carried out around the world since the 1950s, no industrial application of fusion to energy production has yet succeeded, apart from nuclear weapons with the H-bomb, since this application does not aims at containing and controlling the reaction produced. There are, however, some other less mediated uses, such as neutron generators. The fusion of light nuclei releases enormous amounts of energy from the attraction between the nucleons due to the strong interaction (nuclear binding energy). Fusion it is with nuclear fission one of the two main types of nuclear reactions applied. The mass of the new atom obtained by the fusion is less than the sum of the masses of the two light atoms. In the process of fusion, part of the mass is transformed into energy in its simplest form: Heat. This loss is explained by the Einstein known formula E = mc 2 . Unlike nuclear fission, the fusion products themselves (mainly helium 4) are not radioactive, but when the reaction is used to emit fast neutrons, they can transform the nuclei that capture them into isotopes that some of them can be radioactive. In order to be able to start and to be maintained with the success the nuclear fusion reactions, it is first necessary to know all this reactions very well. This means that it is necessary to know both the main reactions that may take place in a nuclear reactor and their sense and effects. The main aim is to choose and coupling the most convenient reactions, forcing by technical means for their production in the reactor. Taking into account that there are a multitude of possible variants, it is necessary to consider in advance the solutions that we consider them optimal. The paper takes into account both variants of nuclear fusion and cold and hot. For each variant will be mentioned the minimum necessary specifications.
Man always dreamed of flying. The important thing is not that it succeeded but that it has evolved permanently, improving its flight. The main problem in aviation was also the safety of the flight. How to keeps in the air, even when serious problems arise. Generally, the porting was made with engines and wings. But such support can't be very secure. The only very safe means to date has proved to be the airship. Everything started from the balloons with those men first traveled, they being lighter than the air. Today it seems very strange to revive the airships, but here we do it. A balloon or airship, being lighter than air, can keep in the air for a long time, without wings, without engines, without energy consumption. For now, it's the only way to fly safely, even if it looks outdated or difficult. No other flying device can ensure vertical take-off and landing, regardless of geographic and meteorological conditions and staying in the air for a long time at a certain height, regardless of weather or situation. Today, some devices can be built to cancel the gravitational field using electromagnetic waves. Even though they have not been officially presented and have not yet been introduced into civil aviation, they will probably represent the dynamic and safe way of flying in the near future. But they can also have electromagnetic or software interruptions and consume a lot of energy. So, whether we like it or not, the safest way to fly is the one with the balloon. A modern airship can be built to fly at any desired altitude, even very close to the ground, higher or very higher. Airlander, which has 48 passengers, needs helium. He will be able to stay in the air for two weeks without landing, devastating at a cruising speed of 145 km/h at an altitude of 6,000 m. It can have a load of 10 tons aboard. Many believe that four-engine cars are approaching because, unlike conventional airplanes, they pollute very little and are not booming. In addition, Airlander can take off vertically, as a helicopter, meaning it does not need trace. It can land on snow, ice, dessert or even water. British company Hybrid Air Vehicles was the developer of the US Army, but the project was abandoned in 2013, when the funds were reduced. Behind the project, Iron Maiden, Bruce Dickinson, invested 250,000 pounds. Money came from both the British government and the EU. Airlander was tested in November 2015 and was presented to the public in March 2016.
Over time it has advanced the idea that the achievement of a hot nuclear reaction can require tens or hundreds of millions of degrees. Precise calculations clearly indicate a much higher temperature. At least 10 million degrees are necessary for 1 keV in thermonuclear reaction. At 400 keV it needs a temperature of 4000 million degrees to occur the hot fusion reaction. Hot fusion needs a temperature of about 4000 million degrees, or 4 billion degrees if we believe in the calculations the radius of deuterium static. If we believe in the calculations the radius of the real, dynamic deuterium, in movement, the temperature required to achieve the warm fusion reaction increases still 10000 times, reaching a value of 40 trillions degrees. Unfortunately, this clarification does not bring us closer to the realization of the hot fusion reaction, but on the contrary, us away from the day when we will be able to achieve it. Today we have only made 150 million degrees. A huge problem is even the achievement of such temperatures. For these reasons we are entitled to think up next following, namely achieving the cold fusion. Authors propose to bomb the fuel with accelerated Deuterium nuclei.
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