Background Female sterilization is a safe and effective surgical procedure of achieving contraception. Female sterilization is commoner in high income countries as compared to low- and middle-income countries such as Rwanda because of demand to limit family size. However, current evidence of the uptake of female sterilization in Rwanda is not known. We therefore evaluated the prevalence and factors associated with female sterilization among women of reproductive age in Rwanda. Methodology This was a secondary data analysis of 14,634 women of reproductive age (15-49) in Rwanda. The data utilized was from the Rwanda Demographic Health and Survey (RDHS) from 2016 to 2020. The predictors of female sterilization were determined using multivariable binary logistic regression. Results Findings of this study revealed that the prevalence of female sterilization was 1.1% among women of reproductive age in Rwanda. Older than 35 years old women had 8 times more chance to get sterilized than younger women (aOR: 7.87, 95% CI: 4.77-12.99). Women living with their partners had more odds compared to never married women(aOR: 19.225, 95% CI: 4.57-80.82), women from minority religion are more likely to get sterilized compared to those from catholic religion(aOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.03- 4.37), women from rich household had more chance to get sterilized compared to their counterparts from poor household (aOR: 3.13, 95% CI: 1.94-5.03), women from western region were more likely to uptake sterilization compared to women from Kigali (aOR: 2.025, 95% CI: 1.17-3.49) and women who had more than 5 children had more odds compared to women who had equal or less than 5 children (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.06-2.10). Conclusion The overall prevalence of sterilization among Rwandan women of reproductive age was 1.1%, which was very low as compared to India 29%, China 14.1% and USA 13.7 %. The age, marital status, religion, household wealth quintile, region and children ever born was associated with the uptake of female sterilization among Rwandan women. Government and stakeholders should enhance mobilization about the permanent methods.