Disuse osteoporosis occurs after extended periods of bed rest or nerve damage leading to increased risk of fracture. It remains to be established, however, whether the trajectory of bone loss is equivalent in bone's cortical and trabecular compartments following long-term periods of reduced loading. Herein, we evaluate sciatic neurectomy-related cortical and trabecular bone loss in the tibia by microCT. The right hind limb of seventeen 12 week-old female mice was subjected to sciatic neurectomy (right, SN; left, contralateral internal control) and the animals were sacrificed in four groups ( n = 3-5/group) at 5, 35, 65 and 95 days thereafter. Cortical bone mass, geometry and mineral density were evaluated along almost the entire tibial length and trabecular bone was examined at the proximal metaphysis. We found that trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) and number were decreased within 5 days, with a trajectory of loss that only plateaued after 65 days post-SN. In contrast, decreases in cortical thickness, cross-sectional area, second moment of inertia along minor and major axes and predicted resistance to torsion were unmodified during the early 5 day period, attaining significance only after 35 days post-SN and, thereafter showed no further deterioration. Only cortical ellipticity and periosteal enclosed area, continued to change in the SN limbs (vs. contralateral) between 35 and 95 days along the tibia length. On the other hand, cortical tissue mineral density was unmodified by SN at any time point. These data indicate that SN-related cortical bone loss extends along almost the entire tibia, exhibits delayed onset and yet stabilises its architecture more rapidly than trabecular bone. These data suggest that the cortical and trabecular compartments behave as distinct modules in response to SN even within an individual bone.
Changes in trabecular micro-architecture are key to our understanding of osteoporosis. Previous work focusing on structure model index (SMI) measurements have concluded that disease progression entails a shift from plates to rods in trabecular bone, but SMI is heavily biased by bone volume fraction. As an alternative to SMI, Ellipsoid Factor (EF) has been proposed as a continuous measure of local trabecular shape between plate-like and rod-like extremes. We investigated the relationship between EF distributions, SMI and bone volume fraction of the trabecular geometry in a murine model of disuse osteoporosis as well as from human vertebrae of differing bone volume fraction. We observed a moderate shift in EF median (at later disease stages in mouse tibia) and EF mode (in the vertebral samples with low bone volume fraction) towards a more rodlike geometry, but not in EF maximum and minimum. These results support the notion that the plate to rod transition does not coincide with the onset of bone loss and is considerably more moderate, when it does occur, than SMI suggests. A variety of local shapes not straightforward to categorise as rod or plate exist in all our trabecular bone samples.
RESUMOHá grande deficiência na literatura sobre os efeitos dos anestésicos dissociativos em animais silvestres. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos anestésicos em cachorros-do-mato. Foram utilizados cinco animais machos, clinicamente sadios. Após 12 horas de jejum sólido, cada animal foi submetido a três protocolos de anestesia dissociativa (quetamina e xilazina -QX, quetamina e midazolam -QM e tiletamina e zolazepam -TZ) com intervalo de 30 dias entre eles. As variáveis avaliadas foram: período de latência; período hábil de anestesia; qualidade da indução, manutenção e recuperação anestésica. Foram avaliados frequência cardíaca (FC), saturação de oxihemoglobina (SpO 2 ), ritmo cardíaco, frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura corporal (TC) e relaxamento muscular aos cinco minutos após o período de latência e a cada 10 minutos durante o período de manutenção anestésica (M10 a M40). Os dados paramétricos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey, para comparação entre as médias dos grupos e dos tempos, sendo que as diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05. O grupo QX apresentou um menor valor de FC em relação aos demais grupos em todos os momentos e observou-se maior incidência de arritmia sinusal. A FR apresentou menores valores no grupo QX em relação ao TZ. A SpO 2 apresentou diferença do grupo QX em relação ao QM somente no momento M10, sendo inferior neste último. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no tempo de latência entre os grupos e os animais apresentaram boa qualidade de indução e recuperação, não apresentando efeitos adversos. Concluiu-se que a associação de quetamina e xilazina deve ser utilizada com cautela, pois proporciona maior redução na frequência cardíaca e arritmias. ABSTRACTIt is highly difficult to find literature references about the effects of dissociative anesthetics drugs on wild animals. This work aims to determine the effects of various anesthetic protocols on crab eating fox. Five healthy male animals were used. After 12 hours fast each animal were treated with three dissociative anesthesia protocols (QX -ketamine and xylazine, QM -ketamine and midazolam, TZ -tiletamine and zolazepam) at 30 days interval. The variables analyzed were: latency period; able anesthesia period; induction quality, anesthesia maintenance and recover. We available cardiac frequency (CF), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO 2 ), cardiac rhythm, respiratory frequency (RF), body temperature (BT) and muscle relaxing five minutes after the latency period and every 10 minutes during the period of anesthesia maintenance (M10 a M40). The parametric dates was analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey test for comparison between the medium of groups and times, with significative difference fixed in p<0.05. The group QX showed lower CF valor compared with other groups in all the times and high incidence of sinus arrhythmia was observed. The RF showed lower valor in QX group compared with a TZ group. The SpO 2 showed difference between QX g...
Efeitos da morfina e da metadona associadas à acepromazina em gatas anestesiadas com propofol e halotano e submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomiaEffects of morphine and methadone associated with acepromazine in cats anesthetized with propofol and halothane and subjected to ovariossalpingohisterectomia RESUMO Os fármacos utilizados na medicação pré-anestésica são úteis para preparar o paciente para anestesia, causando sedação, analgesia, redução na dose dos anestésicos e menor incidência de efeitos adversos ao paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios, comportamentais, relaxamento muscular, analgesia pós-operatória da morfina ou metadona associadas à acepromazina em gatas anestesiadas com propofol e halotano e submetidas a ovariossalpingohisterectomia. Para isso, foram utilizadas 20 gatas clinicamente sadias, distribuídas em 2 grupos: o grupo I recebeu a associação de acepromazina (0,05mg/kg) e metadona (0,2mg/kg) e o grupo II recebeu a associação de acepromazina (0,05mg/kg) e morfina (0,2mg/kg) administradas na mesma seringa por via intramuscular. Foram avaliados frequência cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, saturação de oxi-hemoglobina, concentração de dióxido de carbono no ar expirado, temperatura retal e tempo de preenchimento capilar, nos períodos pré, trans e pós-operatórios. Pode-se concluir que ambas as associações produziram leve sedação e podem ser utilizadas com segurança em felinos, pois promoveram boa analgesia sem efeitos colaterais. ABSTRACTThe pre-anesthetic medication is useful to prepare the patient for anesthesia, causing sedation, analgesia, reduction of the anesthetic gas doses and a lower incidence of adverse effects to the patient. Such variation of effects is dependent on the combination of drugs used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and respiratory effects, behavioral, muscle relaxation, postoperative analgesia and influence on the quality and recovery period of morphine or methadone. For that were used 20 clinically healthy cats, divided into 2 groups: group I received the combination of acepromazine (0.05mg/kg) and methadone (0.2mg/kg) and group II received a combination of acepromazine (0.05mg/kg) and morphine (0.2mg/kg) administered in the same syringe for intramuscular injection. It was concluded that both associations produced mild sedation and can be used safely in cats, therefore providing good analgesia and muscle relaxation, without side effects.
Aims The processes linking long-term bisphosphonate treatment to atypical fracture remain elusive. To establish a means of exploring this link, we have examined how long-term bisphosphonate treatment with prior ovariectomy modifies femur fracture behaviour and tibia mass and shape in murine bones. Methods Three groups (seven per group) of 12-week-old mice were: 1) ovariectomized and 20 weeks thereafter treated weekly for 24 weeks with 100 μm/kg subcutaneous ibandronate (OVX+IBN); 2) ovariectomized (OVX); or 3) sham-operated (SHAM). Quantitative fracture analysis generated biomechanical properties for the femoral neck. Tibiae were microCT scanned and trabecular (proximal metaphysis) and cortical parameters along almost its whole length measured. Results Fracture analyses revealed that OVX+IBN significantly reduced yield displacement (vs SHAM/OVX) and resilience, and increased stiffness (vs SHAM). OVX+IBN elevated tibial trabecular parameters and also increased cortical cross-sectional area and second moment of area around minor axis, and diminished ellipticity proximally. Conclusion These data indicate that combined ovariectomy and bisphosphonate generates cortical changes linked with greater bone brittleness and modified fracture characteristics, which may provide a basis in mice for interrogating the mechanisms and genetics of atypical fracture aetiology. Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-9:512–519.
ResumoO exame radiográfico do tórax é um método auxiliar de avaliação não invasiva, para acompanhamento da evolução de doenças cardíacas sugerindo prognósticos e orientando tratamentos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a silhueta cardíaca de quatis adultos e jovens em relação ao número de vértebras torácicas (VHS), pelo método proposto por Buchanam e Buchele (1995) para pequenos animais. Avaliou-se 20 quatis, separados por faixa etária em grupo I (GI) sendo 8 animais de idade entre 4 e 5 meses e grupo II (GII) com 12 animais acima de 12 meses de idade. Realizou-se radiografias do tórax nas projeções ventrodorsal e laterolateral direita para determinação do eixo maior (L) e eixo menor (S), sendo a somatória de L e S o valor obtido de VHS, a relação profundidade/ largura (P/L) torácica foram obtidas e os resultados determinaram o tipo de conformação do tórax, onde resultados superiores a 1,25cm denotaram tórax tipo profundo, de 0,75 a 1,25cm tórax intermediário e resultados inferiores à 0,75cm tórax largo. Observou-se que o coração está inserido entre o quarto e o sétimo par de costelas, o VHS médio de quatis adultos saudáveis foi de 9,36±0,75 e o de jovens 8,06 ± 0, 595 unidades de vértebras e a conformação torácica predominante encontrada foi do tipo intermediária quando comparada aos cães. Os valores médios deste estudo servirão como base para interpretação do VHS na espécie, contudo um maior número animais pode ser necessário para determinação de limites morfológicos da silhueta cardíaca em quatis.
RESUMO Avaliou-se a recuperação anestésica e a analgesia residual da infusão contínua (IC) de fentanil (F), lidocaína (L), cetamina (K) e fentanil-lidocaína-cetamina (FLK), associados à anestesia total intravenosa com o propofol, em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia. Foram utilizados 32 animais pré-medicados com acepromazina, distribuídos em quatro grupos de acordo com o tratamento analgésico: F: bolus de 0,0036mg/kg de fentanil e IC de 0,0036mg mg/kg/h; L: bolus de 3mg/kg de lidocaína e IC de 3mg/kg/h; K: bolus de 0,6mg/kg de cetamina e IC de 0,6mg/kg/h; e FLK: bolus e IC dos três fármacos nas doses supracitadas. Após o bolus do tratamento analgésico, foi realizada a indução e o início da IC do tratamento analgésico e do propofol. Para avaliação da recuperação anestésica, foram considerados os tempos de extubação, decúbito esternal, posição quadrupedal e os efeitos adversos. A avaliação da analgesia foi realizada por meio da escala visual analógica e modificada de Glasgow, durante seis horas. Os efeitos adversos observados foram vômito, sialorreia e tremor muscular. Receberam analgesia de resgate 100% dos animais do grupo F, 87,5% do K, 50% do L e 12,5% do FLK. O FLK demonstrou maior analgesia, e a recuperação anestésica foi semelhante em todos os grupos.
PURPOSE:To evaluate the maximal intraluminal pressure (MIP) supported by canine cadaveric urinary bladders that underwent cystotomy followed by cystorraphy, with and without serosal patching-supplementation. METHODS:Two groups (n=8 each) were formed, and in one (conventional) the cystotomy was closed with cushing pattern. In the other group (serosal), the same procedure was performed, and a piece of jejunum was used for the construction of the serosal patching over the cystorraphy. MIP was measured by means of an invasive blood pressure transducer with closed stopcock attached to a multiparameter monitor. At the end of each measurement, the bladder body circumference was assessed. RESULTS:Mean±SD MIP sustained for the conventional and serosal groups were 28.88±5.08 and 65.38±10.99 mmHg, respectively (p<0.0001). Bladder circumference did not change significantly between groups (p=0.35) and did not correlate with MIP assessed in conventional (p=0.27; r=0.4379) and serosal groups (p=0.37; r=-0.3637). CONCLUSION:Serosal patch-supplemented cystorraphies were able to sustain intraluminal pressures 55.8% higher, than nonsupplemented cystorraphies in specimens from canine cadavers.
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