The continuous increase of the world’s population results in an increased demand for energy drastically from the industrial and domestic sectors as well. Moreover, the current public awareness regarding issues such as pollution and overuse of petroleum fuel has resulted in the development of research approaches concerning alternative renewable energy sources. Amongst the various options for renewable energies used in transportation systems, biodiesel is considered the most suitable replacement for fossil-based diesel. In what concerns the industrial application for biodiesel production, homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid are usually selected, but their removal after reaction could prove to be rather complex and sometimes polluting, resulting in increases on the production costs. Therefore, there is an open field for research on new catalysts regarding biodiesel production, which can comprise heterogeneous catalysts. Apart from that, there are other alternatives to these chemical catalysts. Enzymatic catalysts have also been used in biodiesel production by employing lipases as biocatalysts. For economic reasons, and reusability and recycling, the lipases urged to be immobilized on suitable supports, thus the concept of heterogeneous biocatalysis comes in existence. Just like other heterogeneous catalytic materials, this one also presents similar issues with inefficiency and mass-transfer limitations. A solution to overcome the said limitations can be to consider the use of nanostructures to support enzyme immobilization, thus obtaining new heterogeneous biocatalysts. This review mainly focuses on the application of enzymatic catalysts as well as nano(bio)catalysts in transesterification reaction and their multiple methods of synthesis.
<p>O presente trabalho visa abordar pelo viés jurídico e econômico, a temática da presença do dumping social no projeto de lei nº 4330/2004 (que trata da terceirização das atividades-fim da empresa) e seus efeitos nas relações de trabalho e garantias trabalhistas, tema este de substancial relevância frente ao futuro das relações do trabalho como conhecemos hoje. Para tanto será abordado num primeiro momento, de forma breve, o conceito de dumping e sua origem nas relações de cunho econômico até a sua adoção no campo jurídico, perpassando também pela doutrina internacional que lhe deu origem com o conceito do <em>punitive damages</em> do direito norte-americano, e mostrar alguns dos reflexos socioeconômicos presentes nas atividades <em>overseas </em>(Exteriorização das atividades de empresas) para explicar as práticas de concorrência desleal que se apoiam na supressão de garantias mínimas do trabalhador, em detrimento da obtenção de lucro, utilizando mão de obra em países com legislação trabalhista precária ou inexistente. Passaremos até sua chegada na doutrina nacional e o processo de absorção e interiorização do <em>dumping</em> social utilizando a jurisprudência existente dos julgados até então. Por fim, se fará a análise do projeto de lei já mencionado e por meio da correlação entre o texto legal e os conceitos elencados, se buscará de forma conclusiva estabelecer os pontos de conflito entre o modelo de exploração do projeto de lei e as garantias tuteladas pelo direito do trabalho no ordenamento pátrio.</p>
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