The structural and functional diversity of proteins can be enhanced by numerous post-translational modifications. C-mannosylation is a rare form of glycosylation consisting of a single alpha or beta Dmannopyranose forming a carbon-carbon bond with the pyrrole ring of a tryptophan residue. Despite first being discovered in 1994, C-mannosylation is still poorly understood and 3D structures are available for only a fraction of the total predicted C-mannosylated proteins. Here we present the first comprehensive review of C-mannosylated protein structures by analysing the data for all ten proteins with C-mannosylation/s deposited in the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank. We analysed in detail the WXXW/WXXWXXW consensus motif and the highly conserved pair of arginine residues in thrombospondin type-1 repeat Cmannosylation sites or homologous arginine residues in other domains. Furthermore, we identified a conserved PXP sequence C-terminal of the C-mannosylation site. The PXP motif forms a tight turn region in the polypeptide chain and its universal conservation in C-mannosylated protein is worthy of further experimental study. The stabilisation of C-mannopyranosyl groups was demonstrated through hydrogen bonding with arginine and other charged or polar amino acids. Where possible, the structural findings were linked to other functional studies demonstrating the role of Cmannosylation in protein stability, secretion, or function. With the current technological advances in structural biology, we hope to see more progress in the study of C-mannosylation that may correspond to discoveries of novel C-mannosylation pathways and functions with implications for human health and biotechnology.
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