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The objective of these experiments was to quantify the pattern of change in arterial blood pressure (BP) during a discriminative aversive classical conditioning paradigm in rat using a new "high resolution" computer analysis. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5) were restrained in a soft, conical cloth pouch and conditioned using a 6 sec. pulsed tone (CS+) followed by a 0.5 sec. tail shock; a steady tone, never followed by shock, served as a CS-. BP peaked at 16.4 +/- 6.5 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) above control at 1.5 +/- 0.1 sec. after onset of CS+. This "first component" ("C1") also occurred during CS- (12.1 +/- 3.8 mm Hg), although the magnitudes of the two were significantly (p < 0.05) different. Another group of rats (n = 8) was treated identically except the tones were 15 seconds long. The conditional BP response consisted of two components. C1 was reminiscent of that seen using the short tone: for CS+ a peak of 13.6 +/- 5.6 mm Hg at 1.5 sec. or, for CS-, of 10.0 +/- 4.3 at 1.3 sec. (p < 0.05). In CS+ trials BP peaked again ("C2," 7.4 +/- 2.5 mm Hg) at 8.3 +/- 1.2 sec. There was no statistically significant C2 for CS- trials, clearly demonstrating discrimination between tones. The unconditional BP response in both groups consisted of two large, closely spaced peaks in BP. Respiration was recorded in 3 additional rats. After shock delivery these subjects often showed a sudden shift between (1) a regular respiratory pattern with moderate chest excursion and (2) apneic episodes interspersed with single, deep breaths. This latter pattern was associated with large, low frequency fluctuations in BP. Continued development of the rat conditioning paradigm is especially warranted because of the ability to record sympathetic nerve activity in intact, awake subjects and the large number of readily available genetic strains, which model human pathological states.

Validating hospital CLABSI reporting improves accuracy of hospital-based CLABSI surveillance. Discussing discordant findings improves the quality of validation.

African American faculty constitute a small number of faculty members who teach at predominantly White colleges and universities. Although their presence within these institutions is beneficial for a number of reasons, they often face many challenges on various levels. In this paper the authors address the physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, social and legal concerns faced by African American faculty who teach at majority institutions. Recommendations for thriving in these environments are given.The comments about Ohio State University are solely attributed to the first author, Rudolph Alexander, Jr., and are not attributed to the second author or meant to reference any other university or college.

A comprehensive and evaluative review of empirical research published between 2000 and 2010 specific to long distance caregiving is provided to identify what is known about this subgroup of caregivers and to identify gaps in knowledge. We searched peer-reviewed journals included in the following databases: Academic Search Premier (EBSCO), PROQuest Direct, Social Work Abstracts, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsychInfo. Searches were restricted to English language publications between 2000 and 2010. Search terms included: 'review + caregiving + dementia', 'meta-analyses + caregiving + dementia,' 'caregiving + dementia + not institutional,' 'informal + caregiving,' 'family + caregiving', 'caregiving + technology'. Any searches including the term 'dementia' were repeated without that term. These same searches were repeated with the term 'distance' added to each. Empirical research specific to long distance caregiving is reviewed in detail. A brief review is provided of other closely related research. Long distance caregivers report being heavily involved in the care of their family member, regardless of distance and surprisingly, are often the only or primary caregiver. The specific needs for future research to inform best practice that goes beyond description of this important subgroup of caregivers is discussed.While a great deal has been written on many aspects of caregiving for older persons, very little empirical research has been published specific to informal care provided by families to its elderly relatives who are living at a great geographic distance from

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