Centerline rumble strips (CLRSs) are used on two-lane, two-way rural highways for the purpose of reducing cross-over crashes. The state-of-the-practice and issues surrounding CLRSs were reviewed by a literature study, a public opinion survey administered in Utah (533 participants), and a state-of-the-practice survey (41 out of 50 states, Washington DC, and Puerto Rico returned the survey). Installing CLRSs is a low-cost technique for reducing cross-over crashes on two-lane, two-way rural highways. However, the literature review exposed a number of issues associated with CLRSs. The public opinion survey provided statistical evidence supporting the use of CLRSs on two-lane, two-way rural highways. The state-of-the-practice survey compared geometric dimensions of CLRSs with crash data, cost of installation, and maintenance. The survey shows that no geometric standards or highway operating factors have been established for centerline rumble strips. Correlations between the existing installation dimensions and their effectiveness in reducing cross-over accidents, cost of installation, maintenance, and other issues have not been made, indicating the need for clarifying the benefits of CLRSs and minimizing their negative effects.
Pennsylvania historians today rarely mention the Rev. Dr. Joseph Doddridge (1769–1826) despite his contributions as a historian, horticulturalist, author, physician, and clergyman probably best known for his first-hand account entitled Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the western parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1763–1783. Following his formative years at his family fort in Washington County, Doddridge contributed to development on the trans-Allegheny frontier. Despite his numerous contributions to documenting regional history, founding churches, nearly becoming first Episcopal bishop of Ohio, and cultivating civic life along the headwaters of the Ohio, Doddridge has largely vanished from accounts of Episcopalian church history. His absence reflects bias in favor of bishops and East Coast viewpoints. By starting one generation too late, Episcopalian historians favored eastern regional narratives of American history by ignoring Doddridge and championing the Philadelphia-based Rev. Jackson Kemper and the Rev. Philander Chase of Hartford, Connecticut.
Trinity High School is an unusual name for a public school. Located in Washington County, Pennsylvania, it is a lasting reminder of Trinity Hall, a largely forgotten Episcopalian boys' school that operated between 1879 and 1906. Today Trinity Hall tends to be overlooked by scholars studying Philadelphia-born priest educator William Augustus Muhlenberg. Instead, examinations of Muhlenberg's influence tend to focus on the five New England schools known collectively as St. Grottlesex. Rediscovering Trinity Hall offers historians an opportunity to correct errors in local tradition, examine ways Muhlenberg's approach was adapted over time, and evaluate ways Trinity Hall helped southwestern Pennsylvanians, like Carnegie and Heinz, move from regional to cosmopolitan elite. Finally, it provides a second church school example from the Allegheny Mountains to complement studies of St. James School near Hagerstown, Maryland.
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