Sleep loss is common problem with a wide range of consequences. One possible consequence of sleep loss may be risk-taking behavior (RTB). The present review examined the empirical literature on the relationship between sleep loss and RTB. We found 23 studies that met inclusion criteria. Overall, sleep loss was positively associated with RTB, and there was evidence that changes in sleep loss are causally related to changes in RTB. One possible mediator of the relationship between sleep loss and RTB was reduced functioning of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Possible moderators of this relationship included type of RTB measure and general versus specific RTB. We discussed limitations and recommendations for future research in this area.
The present study examined the practice of forgiveness among participants from China (N = 172) and New Zealand (N = 91). We tested a theoretical model describing the relationships between collectivism, individualism, and forgiveness. Participants from China were more collectivistic and less individualistic than were participants from New Zealand. Overall, participants from New Zealand were more forgiving than were participants from China. Collectivism was positively related to decisional forgiveness in Chinese participants. Decisional forgiveness independently predicted conciliatory behaviour among participants from China, but this was not the case for participants from New Zealand. Thus, the hypothesized model received qualified support.
In what ways do supervisors repair the ruptured supervisory alliance? In this article, that question is considered, with focus given to one rupture repair intervention: Supervisor apology. Apology/ forgiveness theory and research are integrated with current thinking about supervision alliance rupture and repair. Using the recent conflict transformation research of Kirchhoff and colleagues (Kirchhoff, Strack, & Jager, 2009;Kirchhoff, Wagner, & Strack, 2012) as a building block, the 10 elements of apology are examined vis-à-vis the supervisory situation, and the applicability of the concepts of simple and complete apology for supervision alliance rupture repair are presented. Eight statements that link apology and forgiveness with supervision alliance rupture and repair conceptualization are proposed, and a case example that communicates the reparative effectiveness of supervisor apology is described. Supervisor rupture identification and repair is viewed as being an important competency that involves a supporting knowledge base, skill set, and values core.
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