By analyzing late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in a genome wide association study (313,504 SNPs, 3 series, 844 cases/1,255 controls) and evaluating the 25 SNPs with most significant allelic association in 4 additional series (1,547 cases/1,209 controls), we identified a SNP (rs5984894) on Xq21.3 in PCDH11X that is strongly associated with LOAD in American Caucasians. Analysis of rs5984894 by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for sex gave global P values of 5.7×10 -5 in stage I, 4.8×10 -6 in stage II, and 3.9×10 -12 in the combined data. Odds ratios were 1.75 (95% CI 1.42-2.16) for female homozygotes (P=2.0×10 -7 ) and 1.26 (95% CI 1.05-1.51) for female heterozygotes (P=0.01) compared to female non-carriers. For male hemizygotes (P=0.07) compared to male non-carriers the odds ratio was 1.18 (95% CI 0.99-1.41).Late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by large numbers of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. LOAD is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, affecting approximately 10% of those aged 65 years or older 1 . Multiple rare mutations in the genes encoding the amyloid ß protein precursor, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 cause an early onset familial form of AD with autosomal dominant inheritance, but the only well established susceptibility allele for LOAD is the APOE ε4, To whom correspondence should be address: younkin.steven@mayo.edu. Author Contributions: M.M.C. spearheaded and participated in all aspects of this study, and drafted the manuscript along with Steven G. Younkin who is the lead investigator of this study. F.Z., S.L.W., L.M. and L.P.W. participated in the SEQUENOM genotyping. F.Z., L.M., L.H.Y. and G.D.B. were responsible for DNA sample preparation and quality control. L.M. also generated all DNA replica plates. Samuel G. Younkin and C.S.Y were instrumental in data management and analysis. N.E.T. participated in critical revisions of the manuscript. V.S.P and J.E.C. provided statistical expertise. N.R.G. and R.C.P. are the neurologists who diagnosed and provided samples for the Mayo Clinic Jacksonville (JS) and Mayo Clinic Rochester (RS) series, respectively. D.W.D. is the pathologist who diagnosed and provided brain samples for the autopsy-confirmed (AUT) series.URLs. PLINK, http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/plink/ Accession codes. RefSeq: PCDH11X mRNA isoform a precursor, NM_014522.1; PCDH11X mRNA isoform b precursor, NM_032967.1; PCDH11X mRNA isoform c, NM_032968.2; PCDH11X mRNA isoform d precursor, NM_032969.2. Entrez Gene: PCDH11X, 27328; PCDH11Y, 83259. sexually dimorphic traits 9 . To explore this possibility, we analyzed rs5984894 by multivariable logistic regression with sex as a covariate (Table 2). Using this approach, which specifically models each carrier group, the global P value in the combined series improved substantially to 3.9×10 -12 as compared to 3.8×10 -8 for allelic association (Supplementary Table 3) and 2.2×10 -7 using the Mantel-Haenszel method (Table 1). In the combined se...
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is strongly determined by genetic factors and recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several genes for the disease risk. In addition to the disease risk, age-at-onset (AAO) of AD has also strong genetic component with an estimated heritability of 42%. Identification of AAO genes may help to understand the biological mechanisms that regulate the onset of the disease. Here we report the first GWAS focused on identifying genes for the AAO of AD. We performed a genome-wide meta analysis on 3 samples comprising a total of 2,222 AD cases. A total of ~2.5 million directly genotyped or imputed SNPs were analyzed in relation to AAO of AD. As expected, the most significant associations were observed in the APOE region on chromosome 19 where several SNPs surpassed the conservative genome-wide significant threshold (P<5E-08). The most significant SNP outside the APOE region was located in the DCHS2 gene on chromosome 4q31.3 (rs1466662; P=4.95E-07). There were 19 additional significant SNPs in this region at P<1E-04 and the DCHS2 gene is expressed in the cerebral cortex and thus is a potential candidate for affecting AAO in AD. These findings need to be confirmed in additional well-powered samples.
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