Audio streaming services have made it easier for countries around the world to listen to each other's music. This expansion in listeners' access to global content, however, has raised questions about streaming's impact on the import and export flows of music between countries and their preferences for local or global content. Here, we analyze five and a half years of all streaming data from Spotify, a global music streaming service, and find that preferences for local content have increased from 2014 through 2019, reversing previously noted trends. Perhaps correspondingly, both common official language and geographic proximity between countries increasingly shape listener consumption during this period, particularly for younger audiences. Further, we show that these trends persist across different genres, listener age groups, and early- and late-adopters of streaming, providing new insights into this newest phase in the continued evolution of music and its impact on listeners around the world.

Digital media platforms give users access to enormous amounts of content that they must explore to avoid boredom and satisfy their needs for heterogeneity. Existing strands of work across psychology, marketing, computer science, and music underscore the importance of the lifecycle to understanding exploratory behavior, but they are also often inconsistent with each other. In this study, we examine how users explore online content on Spotify over time, whether by discovering entirely novel music or by refreshing their listening habits from one time frame to the next. We find clear differences between users at different points of their off-platform lifecycles, with younger listeners consistently exploring unknown content less and exploiting known content more. Across their on-platform histories, users also explore in bursts by following seasonal cycles and exploratory phases. We also find that these patterns of exploration do not translate to other notions of heterogeneity like diversity; notably, younger listeners are more diverse in their consumption despite exploring less. Exploration and diversity thus capture different ways in which people find variety, potentially accounting for the inconsistencies in existing work. Together, these nuanced dynamics of exploration suggest that online platforms may be better poised to support users by incorporating different measures of heterogeneous consumption.