The second-order factors structure of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) was cross-validated on a large sample ( N = 17,381) of normal males and females. Subjects were sampled across a broad range of ages, socioeconomic levels, education, geographic location, and ethnicity. The purposes of this investigation were (1) to provide a precise definition of 16PF second-order factor structure, (2) to shed additional light on the nature of two second-order factors that have been previously identified but described as “unstable” and “poorly reproduced,” and (3) to determine the extent to which common factor estimation formulas for men and women would prove satisfactory for applied work. The resulting solutions were congruent with previous studies and showed a high degree of simple structure. Support was provided for one, but not both, of the two additional second-order factors. Results also supported the use of simplified estimation formulas for applied use.
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Critics have occasionally asserted that the number of factors in the 16PF family of tests is too large and that a more parsimonious number of factors adequately explains human personality. This paper discusses areas of misunderstanding with regard to factor-analytic methodology that account for much of this disagreement. It then reviews more than 50 published studies concerned with the dimensionality of the 16PF series of personality instruments. The conclusion is reached that the number of important primaries encapsulated in the 16PF series is no fewer than the stated number. That conclusion is bolstered by new evidence presented that is based on the independent, statistical logic of the maximum likelihood test.
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