Pediatric cancer is a relatively rare and heterogeneous group of hematological and non-hematological malignancies which require multiple procedures for its diagnostic screening and classification. Until now, flow cytometry (FC) has not been systematically applied to the diagnostic work-up of such malignancies, particularly for solid tumors. Here we evaluated a FC panel of markers for the diagnostic screening of pediatric cancer and further classification of pediatric solid tumors. The proposed strategy aims at the differential diagnosis between tumoral vs. reactive samples, and hematological vs. non-hematological malignancies, and the subclassification of solid tumors. In total, 52 samples from 40 patients suspicious of containing tumor cells were analyzed by FC in parallel to conventional diagnostic procedures. The overall concordance rate between both approaches was of 96% (50/52 diagnostic samples), with 100% agreement for all reactive/inflammatory and non-infiltrated samples as well as for those corresponding to solid tumors (n = 35), with only two false negative cases diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic lymphoma, respectively. Moreover, clear discrimination between samples infiltrated by hematopoietic vs. non-hematopoietic tumor cells was systematically achieved. Distinct subtypes of solid tumors showed different protein expression profiles, allowing for the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma (CD56hi/GD2+/CD81hi), primitive neuroectodermal tumors (CD271hi/CD99+), Wilms tumors (>1 cell population), rhabdomyosarcoma (nuMYOD1+/numyogenin+), carcinomas (CD45−/EpCAM+), germ cell tumors (CD56+/CD45−/NG2+/CD10+) and eventually also hemangiopericytomas (CD45−/CD34+). In summary, our results show that multiparameter FC provides fast and useful complementary data to routine histopathology for the diagnostic screening and classification of pediatric cancer.

Polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer can be used to treat vesicoureteral reflux with comparable efficacy to other substances currently used, with a low rate of complications.

Objective: Priapism may cause serious sequelae concerning the future sex life of the patient, as it can determine impotence, erectile dysfunction or psychogenic sexual aversion. It is a common symptom of sickle cell disease in children and adolescents. There are few good quality evidence manuscripts about the problem in current medical literature. Sources:Literature review on the databases MEDLINE and LILACS covering the period from 1966 to 2008. Summary of the findings:The basis for the treatment of low flow priapism includes treating sickle cell disease and the usage of intracavernous adrenergic agents as necessary. Surgery is indicated in a minority of cases. The treatment of pediatric cases demands dose adjustments, adequate drug choice and sedoanalgesia to cover procedures involving pain or trauma. Conclusions:A new physiopathologic theory concerning sickle cell disease, which questions the traditional vascular blockage mechanisms by deformed red cells and proposes that endothelial inflammatory activation is the main cause of clinical problems, allows to propose new therapeutic maneuvers to solve sickle cell priapism. The absence of good quality evidence to treat sickle cell priapism suggests the necessity to conduct good prospective multicenter protocols to investigate the condition.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(3):194-200: Priapism, sickle cell disease, children. ResumoObjetivo: O priapismo pode causar sequelas graves em relação à vida sexual futura do paciente, pois pode determinar impotência, disfunção erétil ou aversão sexual psicogênica. É um sintoma comum da doença falciforme em crianças e adolescentes. Há poucos estudos com evidências de qualidade sobre esse problema na literatura médica atual. Fontes dos dados:Revisão da literatura utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS no período de 1966 a 2008. Síntese dos dados:A base para o tratamento de priapismo de baixo fluxo inclui o tratamento da doença falciforme e o uso de agentes adrenérgicos por administração intracavernosa conforme necessário. Indica-se cirurgia em uma minoria de casos. O tratamento de casos pediátricos exige ajuste de doses, escolha adequada de medicamentos e sedoanalgesia para procedimentos envolvendo dor ou trauma. Conclusões:Uma nova teoria fisiopatológica relativa à doença falciforme, que questiona os mecanismos tradicionais de bloqueio vascular por hemácias deformadas e propõe que a ativação inflamatória endotelial é a principal causa de problemas clínicos, permite propor novas manobras terapêuticas para lidar com o priapismo na doença falciforme. A ausência de evidência de qualidade para tratar o priapismo na doença falciforme sugere a necessidade de conduzir bons protocolos prospectivos multicêntricos para investigar essa condição.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2009;85(3):194-200 Artigo submetido em 22.09.08, aceito em 12.11.08.

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Background Post-omphalocele ventral hernias (POVH) are common after giant omphaloceles. Abdominal wall botulinum toxin injections (BTI) are useful to treat complex incisional hernias (CIH) in adults, which may also apply to POVH. We review BTI data in the treatment of CIH and POVH and propose an algorithm applicable to POVH. Results Sixteen papers which described the treatment of CIH on the treatment of POVH in adults (n = 15) and children (n = 1) were reviewed. BTI elongates the lateral abdominal wall and reduces the hernia defect, with a lower incidence of compartment syndrome and respiratory complications. Doses and injection volumes vary. Effects start after 3 days, peak after 10–15 days, stabilize for 2–3 months, and decline after 4–6 months, disappearing after 6–9 months. Patients should be operated on 3–4 weeks after injection. Post-operative complications are uncommon. BTI may be associated with pre-operative pneumoperitoneum (PPP). Children presenting POVH differ from adults presenting CIH. Associated congenital cardiac malformations, genetically determined syndromes, pulmonary hypoplasia, abdominal wall hypoplasia, and thoracic dysmorphism, are common; children need sedation for any procedures; non-absorbable reinforcing meshes are not indicated; and POVH limits are frequently near to the costal margin. Conclusion BTI to induce preoperative muscular relaxation in preparation of CIH repair in adults is effective and safe. Experience with the method in children with POVH is limited, but the proposal is logical and probably safe. POVH differs from CIH in some aspects, especially abdominal wall hypoplasia, proximity to the rib cage, and diaphragmatic biomechanics.