Epidemiology and clinical features of scabies remain largely unknown in Nigeria’s rural communities. To fill this gap, we performed a cross-sectional study in three rural communities in north central Nigeria. A total of 500 individuals were included and examined for scabies infestation; a questionnaire was applied to collect socio-demographic and behavioral data. Scabies was diagnosed in 325 (65.0%) participants. Excoriations (68.6%), vesicles (61.8%), and papules (58.8%) were common skin lesions. Itching was the most common symptom (77.5%); 64% complained of sleep disturbances. Lymphadenopathy was identified in 48.3%. Lesions were most commonly encountered on the abdomen (35.5%), inguinal area (19.1%), and interdigital spaces (14.2%). Poverty-related variables, such as illiteracy (OR: 7.15; 95% CI: 3.71–13.95), low household income (7.25; 1.19–88.59), absence of a solid floor inside house (12.17; 2.83–52.34), and overcrowding (1.98; 1.08–2.81) were significantly associated with infestation. Individual behavior, such as sharing of beds/pillows (2.11; 1.42–3.14) and sharing of clothes (2.51; 1.57–3.99), was also highly significantly associated with scabies. Regular bathing habits (0.37; 0.24–0.56) and regular use of bathing soap (0.36; 0.21–0.53) were protective factors. Scabies is extremely common in the communities under study and is associated with considerable morbidity. The disease is intrinsically linked with extreme poverty.

Background Plasmodium falciparum parasites are known to exhibit extensive genetic diversity in areas of high transmission intensity and infected individuals in such communities often harbour several complex mixtures of parasite clones with different genetic characteristics. However, in the micro-environment, the extent of genetic diversity of P. falciparum parasites remain largely unknown. In this study therefore, the complexity of P. falciparum infections in households was investigated among symptomatic siblings, living under the same roof in north-central Nigeria. Methods Children were enrolled into the study if they were at least two from a household and presented with symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. Clinical malaria was confirmed by light microscopy of Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood spots on filter paper. Molecular characterization of P. falciparum isolates was done by allele-specific nested PCR of the highly polymorphic merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2) gene. Results Ninety-three children from 43 households were enrolled into this study. A total of 26 different msp-2 alleles were identified from 215 fragments (range: 180–480 bp). Majority of the isolates [65.6% (n = 61)] were polyclonal infections consisting of 2–6 clones and were significantly more common with the FC27 allelic family (p = 0.036). The multiplicity of infection (MOI) per household ranged from 1.0 to 4.5 while the overall MOI in the study population was 2.31. The pattern of distribution of msp-2 allele types among the households fell into two categories: households where both msp-2 allele types (FC27 and 3D7) were present; households where only one msp-2 allele type (FC27 or 3D7) was present. Majority of the households [88.4% (n = 38)], had both msp-2 allele types but they were disproportionately distributed among the children while in a few households [11.6% (n = 5)], all the children were infected with only one type of msp-2 allele. Conclusion These findings showed that P. falciparum isolates exhibit remarkable degree of genetic diversity in the micro-environment and are composed mainly of multiclonal infections, which is an indication of a high ongoing parasite transmission. This suggests that the micro-environment is an important area of focus for malaria control interventions and for evaluating intervention programmes.

Background: Plasmodium falciparum parasites are known to exhibit extensive genetic diversity in areas of high transmission intensity and infected individuals in such communities often harbour several complex mixture of parasite clones with different genetic characteristics. However, in the microenvironment, the extent of genetic diversity of the P. falciparum parasites remain largely unknown. In this study therefore, we investigated the complexity of P. falciparum infections in households, among symptomatic siblings living under the same roof in North-central Nigeria.Methods: Children were enrolled into the study if they were at least two from a household and presented with symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. Clinical malaria was confirmed by light microscopy of Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood spots on filter paper. Molecular characterization of P. falciparum isolates was done by allele-specific nested PCR of the highly polymorphic merozoite surface protein-2 (MSP-2) gene.Results: 93 children from 43 households were enrolled into this study. A total of 26 different MSP-2 alleles were identified from 215 fragments (range: 180-480bp). Majority of the isolates [65.6% (n=61)] were polyclonal infections consisting of 2-6 clones and were significantly more common with the FC27 allelic family (p = 0.036). The multiplicity of infection (MOI) per household ranged from 1.0 to 4.5 while the overall MOI in the study population was 2.31. The pattern of distribution of MSP-2 allele types among the households fell into two categories: households where both MSP-2 allele types (FC27 and 3D7) were present; and households where only one MSP-2 allele type (FC27 or 3D7) was present. Majority of the households [88.4% (n=38)], had both MSP-2 allele types but they were disproportionately distributed among the children while in a few households [11.6% (n=5)], all the children were infected with only one type of MSP-2 allele.Conclusion: Our findings showed that P. falciparum isolates exhibit remarkable degree of genetic diversity in the microenvironment and are composed mainly of multiclonal infections, which is an indication of a high ongoing parasite transmission. This suggests that the microenvironment is an important area of focus for malaria control interventions and for evaluating intervention programmes.

Background Plasmodium falciparum parasites are known to exhibit extensive genetic diversity in areas of high transmission intensity and infected individuals in such communities often harbour several complex mixtures of parasite clones with different genetic characteristics. However, in the micro-environment, the extent of genetic diversity of P. falciparum parasites remain largely unknown. In this study therefore, the complexity of P. falciparum infections in households was investigated among symptomatic siblings, living under the same roof in north-central Nigeria.Methods Children were enrolled into the study if they were at least two from a household and presented with symptoms of uncomplicated malaria. Clinical malaria was confirmed by light microscopy of Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood spots on filter paper. Molecular characterization of P. falciparum isolates was done by allele-specific nested PCR of the highly polymorphic merozoite surface protein-2 (msp-2) gene.Results Ninety-three children from 43 households were enrolled into this study. A total of 26 different msp-2 alleles were identified from 215 fragments (range: 180-480 bp). Majority of the isolates (65.6% (n=61)) were polyclonal infections consisting of 2-6 clones and were significantly more common with the FC27 allelic family (p = 0.036). The multiplicity of infection (MOI) per household ranged from 1.0 to 4.5 while the overall MOI in the study population was 2.31. The pattern of distribution of msp-2 allele types among the households fell into two categories: households where both msp-2 allele types (FC27 and 3D7) were present; households where only one msp-2 allele type (FC27 or 3D7) was present. Majority of the households (88.4% (n=38)), had both msp-2 allele types but they were disproportionately distributed among the children while in a few households (11.6% (n=5)), all the children were infected with only one type of msp-2 allele.Conclusion These findings showed that P. falciparum isolates exhibit remarkable degree of genetic diversity in the micro-environment and are composed mainly of multiclonal infections, which is an indication of a high ongoing parasite transmission. This suggests that the micro-environment is an important area of focus for malaria control interventions and for evaluating intervention programmes.