Key PointsQuestionAmong children born at risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, do those who experience hypoglycemia have worse academic performance in mid-childhood?FindingsIn this prospective cohort study that included 480 participants at risk of neonatal hypoglycemia who were screened and treated if needed to maintain blood glucose concentration of at least 47 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L), children who were and were not exposed to neonatal hypoglycemia did not significantly differ in rates of low educational performance at 9 to 10 years’ corrected age, based on standardized tests of reading comprehension or mathematics (47% vs 48%).MeaningAmong participants at risk of neonatal hypoglycemia who were screened and treated if needed, the occurrence of neonatal hypoglycemia compared with no such exposure was not significantly associated with lower educational achievement in mid-childhood.
Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive disorder. The global incidence of neonatal CP is 1-5 per 1000 live births where 45% of children with CP have a comorbid intellectual disability (ID). This affects the quality of life and reduces life expectancy of affected individuals.
Methods and findings:With an aim to study the efficacy and safety of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) transplantation in CP with ID, we administered a 17-year-old boy with BMMNCs along with neurorehabilitation. On follow up after 6 months, clinical improvements were recorded in speech, fine motor skills, ambulation, oromotor skills, social awareness, cognitive skills, memory and attention. Comparative Positron Emission Tomography-Computer Tomography scan of brain before and six months after cell transplantation revealed improved metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex, left caudate head, thalamus, medial temporal cortex, cerebellum. Intelligent Quotient improved from 21 to 29. Social age according to the Vineland Social Maturity Scale was increased by 1 year. Functional Independence Measure and Gross Motor Functional Measure increased from 22 to 26 and 74.65 to 76 respectively. On Gross Motor Functional Classification System, he improved from IV to III.
Conclusion:These changes suggest that BMMNCs transplantation along with neurorehabilitation was effective for this child suffering from CP with ID.
18 F] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan was performed on 45 children with autism to study the baseline pattern and age-related developmental changes in the brain metabolism. Median standardized uptake values (SUVs) were compared with published healthy control data. Results showed that, in contrary to control data, the median SUVs in children with autism decrease linearly with increase in age. As compared to controls, autism children below 5 years showed greater metabolism and older children showed lower metabolism. In autism group, comparison of absolute SUVs within different regions of the brain revealed relatively lower metabolism in amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, caudate nucleus, cerebellum, mesial temporal lobe, thalamus, superior and middle temporal pole, and higher metabolic uptake in calcarine fissure and Heschl's gyrus. These results help in understanding the baseline metabolism and developmental changes of brain among different age groups in autism.
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