Background: Nowadays food safety is considered to be one of the most global public health concerns. Edible oil is one of the most popular types of food to be consumed in every Ethiopian house. Though, its safety is not emphasized. It is produced in Ethiopia from small scale production to large industry level and / or imported from other countries.Objective: To evaluate microbial and hygienic quality of edible oil. Methods:A six year retrospective study design was conducted from January 2010 to January 2015 on 125 edible oil samples which were examined at Ethiopian public health institute, food safety and public health microbiology research laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The data was extracted using developed format from a laboratory registration book. Edible oil samples were examined for the presence of yeast, mould, aerobic plate count, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli (E.coli). Additionally, examination for the presence of pathogenic organisms like salmonella species, shigella species, and staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were also performed. Data was cleaned and entered to Microsoft XL and then exported to SPSS for statistical analysis and values of different parameters were expressed as the mean±standard error (±S.E).Results: One hundred twenty five edible oil samples were examined among which 62(48%) samples were containing a varying number of bacteria and/or Moulds. Results given in Table1 shows that the aerobic plate count was detected in 46(35.6%), moulds 32(24.8%), Yeasts 4(3.1%), total coliforms 6(4.5%) samples. Fecal coliforms, E.coli and S.aureus were found only in one sample. None of the examined edible oil samples contain salmonella and shigella organisms. Conclusion:Some isolated microorganism indicates unhygienic condition of the edible oil somewhere in its way from processing to packaging and market display. The average microbial load is not higher than 105cfu/ml for Aerobic mesophillic bacteria and 104cfu/ml for moulds. These concentrations may be able to cause health problems in individuals who consume without enough heat processing and also some of the food spoilage organisms, specially the moulds, can hasten the deterioration the edible oil.
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of food poisoning resulting from the consumption of contaminated food with staphylococcal enterotoxins. Raw meat is a good medium for the survival and spread of drug-resistant S. aureus. Objective: To look for the prevalence of drug-resistant S. aureus in Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014 in Addis Ababa abattoir enterprise. A total of 185 swab samples were collected from the carcasses of sheep, goat and slaughtering materials such as workers’ clothes, vehicles, knives and hands. Isolation and identification of S. aureus were conducted using the conventional culture methods and signatory tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity was conducted using standard methods. Results: The overall prevalence rate for S. aureus in the present study was 33%. The higher prevalence rates of S. aureus were recorded from sheep carcasses 36%, followed by 30% from the environment and 16% from goat carcasses. The variation in the prevalence of S. aureus between the carcasses and environment was not statically significant (p > 0.05). More than 90% of S. aureus strains were sensitive to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and kanamycin. While 86.9% S. aureus strains were resistant to penicillin G 80.3% resistant to ampicillin, 63.9% resistant to ceftriaxone, 62.3% resistant to oxacilin, and 62.3% resistant to cefoxitin respectively. Conclusion: The present study indicated that the quality of slaughtered sheep carcasses was more contaminated by S. aureus as compared to goat carcasses, during slaughtering, processing, handling and transportation. The presence of MDR strain in the carcasses demonstrates that there is a growing need to control antimicrobial resistance in sheep and goat carcasses.
Background: External Quality Assurance Scheme (EQAS) is the system which allows every laboratory to compare its overall performance with other internal and external existing laboratories, working in similar disciplines. Significant improvements were reported in different laboratories and countries after attending one or more of such programs. The project objective was to assess EQAS participation level in Salmonella and Shigella species that had been processed for six years under WHO-AFRO GSS EQAS program. Methodology: Samples received for Salmonella and Shigella species, as well as Campylobacter and other unknown enteric pathogens identification were directly inoculated to the suitable and selective media according to the type of organisms. Serogroups were reported using terms according to Kauffmann-White-Le Minor procedures. For antimicrobial susceptibility testing, drug diffusion method and CLSI interpretation guideline was used. Results: From the overall participation (2008-2013), serogrouping results were correctly reported as 62/ 71 (87%). None of the deviations was recorded for Shigella species. Participation for Campylobacter species was only twice per six years, in 2009 and 2010; the results of agreement with the expected values were ½ (50%) and 2/2 (100%) respectively. In line with this, the antimicrobial susceptibility participation was correctly reported as 320/356 (89.9%). Conclusion: Even though everyone has gained knowledge and awareness about the benefits of EQAS by default, its acceptance and implementation in developing countries are less communicated and exercised. The final recommendation will be that all higher officials and policymakers in the field have to give attention to it and allocate adequate budget on a continuous basis.
Background: The decline in microbial quality of drinking water may be attributed to many factors among which the presence of biofilm within the distribution system is the major cause of contamination. Drinking water distribution systems provide an oligotrophic environment, for post-treatment recovery and regrowth of microorganisms including the opportunistic Nontuberculosis Mycobacterium (NTM). Objective: The aim was to look for opportunistic non tuberculosis mycobacterium and indicator organisms of fecal contamination from biofilm in drinking water distribution pipeline from selected sites of Addis Ababa. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 biofilm samples were collected from two sub-cities of Addis Ababa. Biofilm samples were taken from the inner surfaces of the get valve and water meter. For the detection of E. coli and E. faecalis, diluted biofilm samples were filtered, then it was incubated on respective culture media. For non-tuberculosis mycobacterium, the homogenized biofilm sediment was processed using the standard SD bio line method, whereby, The processed sediment was inoculated to appropriate solid and liquid culture media. The DNA extraction was conducted by chemical lysis followed by PCR amplification, from the grown colonies on LJ media (Löwenstein–Jensen). The identification of Mycobacterium species was performed by reverse hybridization using a membrane strip and an enzymatic color reaction. Results: From the total biofilm samples, 14 out of 40 (35%) were positive for mycobacteria species. M. gordonea was the most prevalent specie of Mycobacterium, whereby 8/14 (57.1%) of the isolates were from this species followed by M. fortuitum 1/14 (7.14%). About (35.7%) 5/14 of the genus Mycobaterium were unidentified species. Indicator organisms of fecal contamination (E. coli and E. faecalis) were found in 3/40(7.5%) and 6/40(15%) respectively. There was no statistically significant association between nontuberculosis mycobacterium and the indicator organisms at p value of 0.01. Conclusion: The study has highlighted that the occurrence of NTM in drinking water distribution in a significant proportion. M. gordonae was found to be the most dominant species of nontuberculosis mycobacterium found in the distribution line biofilm samples.
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