The PTSD prevalence rate varied widely. It was dependent on multiple risk factors in target populations and also on the interval of time that had elapsed between the exposure to the deadly incident and measurement. Females seemed to be the most widely-affected group, while elderly people and young children exhibit considerable psychosocial impact.

ObjectiveRecently, there is an increase in evidence that both smoking and mental health are continuously increasing among adolescents. This systematic review elucidates the research on evidence of the direction of association and risk factors influencing this relationship between smoking and depression. We also highlight the recent studies on the effects of electronic cigarettes and the development of the association between depression and smoking. MethodA literature search was conducted on databases including PubMed, OVID Medline, EMBASE, and PsychInfo and in relevant neurology and psychiatry journals. Terms used for electronic searches included smoking, tobacco, cigarettes; depression; adolescent, youth; direction. The relevant information was then utilized to synthesize the association between smoking and depression among adolescent population. ResultsThe initial search of the databases yielded 2738 related articles. After screening and cross-referencing duplicate articles and articles published in languages other than English, studies on animals, social and lifestyle factors, mood disorders, and substance use were excluded. Of these, a total of 122 publications only focusing on smoking and depression in the adolescent population were selected to synthesize this qualitative systemic review. These include 110 original research articles, 8 meta-analysis and reviews, and 4 reports and websites. ConclusionThe relationship between smoking and depression in the literature does not reflect the causeeffect relationship. Whereas the evidence on the direction of the association may reflect futile study designs, confounding factors and/or use of indirect measure of depression and quantification of smoking. Future prospective randomized studies should be aimed at elucidating the causal association.

A patient with rapidly changing mental status responded to treatment with intramuscular or IV thiamine but not oral dosages, suggesting that presentation of thiamine deficiency can be highly variable, which can complicate the correct diagnosis and treatment.