Under identical experimental conditions the kinetics of oxidation of aromatic anils to benzaldehyde and nitrosobenzene, by isonicotinium dichromate, has been studied in aqueous acetic acid medium. The low dielectric constant of the medium facilitates the reactivity. Ionic strength has no significant effect on the conversion. The added Mn(II) decreases the rate of the reaction. The added acrylonitrile has no effect on the reaction rate indicating the absence of free radical mechanism. Highly negative DS # values indicate a structured transition state. The deviation of Hammett plot is noted and a concave downward curve is obtained for the anils with substituents in the aniline moiety. The observed break in the log k obs versus r is attributed to the change in the transition state whereas the linear plot is observed for the substituents in the benzaldehyde moiety. A suitable mechanism has been proposed. Graphical AbstractMechanistic investigation of oxidation of aromatic anils by isonicotinium dichromate in acidic medium. A kinetic study.
Some recent studies have proved that X charts with variable sample size (V SS) detect moderate or larger shifts in normal and stable processes more quickly than the Standard Shewhart (SS) chart. But the statistical efficiency of X charts, the speed at which they detect smaller shifts of the process mean are poor. In this paper a special type of Markov dependent sample size (MDSS) chart is discussed that can detect even small shifts faster than other matched charts. Additionally, conditions are outlined which make the MDSS chart signal similar as the SS or V SS chart during the in-control period. Numerical illustrations indicate that the MDSS chart is substantially more efficient than SS and V SS charts.
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