Reduced pesticide use is one of the reasons given by Europeans for accepting new genetic engineering techniques. According to the advocates of these techniques, consumers are likely to embrace the application of cisgenesis to apple trees. In order to verify the acceptability of these techniques, we estimate a Bayesian multilevel structural equation model, which takes into account the multidimensional nature of acceptability and individual, national, and European effects, using data from the Eurobarometer 2010 73.1 on science. The results underline the persistence of clear differences between European countries and whilst showing considerable defiance, a relatively wider acceptability of vertical gene transfer as a means of reducing phytosanitary treatments, compared to horizontal transfer.
UMR INRA-Agrocampus Ouest SMART -LERECO (Laboratoires d'Etudes et de Recherches en Economie sur les Structures et Marchés Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires) Working Paper SMART -LERECO N°18-02 Les Working Papers SMART-LERECO ont pour vocation de diffuser les recherches conduites au sein des unités SMART et LERECO dans une forme préliminaire permettant la discussion et avant publication définitive. Selon les cas, il s'agit de travaux qui ont été acceptés ou ont déjà fait l'objet d'une présentation lors d'une conférence scientifique nationale ou internationale, qui ont été soumis pour publication dans une revue académique à comité de lecture, ou encore qui constituent un chapitre d'ouvrage académique. Bien que non revus par les pairs, chaque working paper a fait l'objet d'une relecture interne par un des scientifiques de SMART ou du LERECO et par l'un des deux éditeurs de la série. Les Working Papers SMART-LERECO n'engagent
The study of European attitudes toward biotechnologies underlines a situation that is relatively contrasting in Europe. However, as different effects of time can influence the social attitudes (a life-cycle effect, a generational effect, and an exogenous temporal effect potentially affecting the entire population), an appropriate methodology should be used. To this end, age-period-cohort-country models have thus been estimated based on Eurobarometer data from 1991 onward. Applied to different data subsets, these models give similar results underlining the importance of the life-cycle effects as well as the heterogeneity of the link between political affiliation and biotechnologies attitudes across the European countries.
To tackle the issue of preserving
natural resources and reducing
pollution, the circular economy has been identified as a lever to
ensure food security for 9 billion people by 2050. In the brewing
sector, the annual production of wet spent grain represents 8 million
tons in Europe and 40 million tons worldwide. This deposit represents
a major opportunity in the current context of sustainable food transition,
as it is an important source of protein, fiber, and other nutrients
for human nutrition. Several initiatives regarding the valorization
of brewer’s spent grain are emerging in human food, but studies
to assess the environmental impact of different scenarios are still
missing. Indeed, numerous separate or combined treatments could be
involved in spent grain stabilization. The evaluation of the separate
pathways identified could help to clarify the choices made by future
economic actors willing to start a new activity or any researcher
or manager willing to participate in a project to exploit the spent
grain in food. The objective of this article is to conduct a comparative
study of the environmental performance of different brewing grain
stabilization engineering strategies among dehydration, separation,
lactofermentation, freeze-drying, refrigeration, freezing, methanation,
composting, and use for animal feed. These processes or their combinations
for spent grain upcycling in human consumption will be examined by
life cycle assessment, an ISO-standardized accounting methodology
for quantifying the environmental impacts of a product. To our knowledge,
this study is the first to include an environmental impact assessment
of the spent grain stabilization pathways. The influence of the introduction
of a new step in the life cycle of the upcycled spent grain on the
environmental load of the product is highly significant. The results
highlight the importance of strategic choices of stabilization processes
and process coupling, a major step for spent grain reuse in human
nutrition. This study provides trends and recommendations on parameters
to be compared for technical and organizational strategies for byproduct
valorization in food in the context of the circular economy.
We provide new cross‐country evidence on alcohol price and income elasticities based on microdata on individual behaviour. Our approach is original as previous research mainly estimates determinants of consumption with macroeconomic data. We use the latest available wave of the European Social Survey, 2014, merged with the Annual Database of National Beverage Consumption. We estimate a generalised Heckman model on the individual and national determinants of alcohol consumption with standard errors bootstrapped at the country level. We were able to identify direct and indirect effects of price and income, including their specific impacts on drinkers and abstainers.
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