Fenugreek seed protein extraction was optimized by control of pH and NaCl concentration. FPI could be used as a protein source with remarkable functional properties.

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This research suggests that any drying method must be conducted in its gentle state in order to sustain native structure of proteins and promote their functionalities. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

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IntroductionSaffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a well‐known spice which is used as the colourant and flavouring agent in food products. Safranal could act as an indicator for saffron grading, authentication and adulteration, as well as for quality evaluation of saffron flavoured products; since it is the main odourant and the most aroma‐active compound of saffron.ObjectivesFirstly, determination of the optimum static conditions for safranal extraction through headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction combined with gas chromatography (HS‐SPME‐GC) technique. Secondly, safranal measurement in different saffron flavoured products under the optimised static conditions. Thirdly, elucidation of the method efficiency for safranal measurement under non‐equilibrium conditions for a saffron drink sample.MethodsDifferent equilibrium times, pH and salt concentrations were applied on aqueous solutions of safranal. Accordingly, the optimised static conditions were determined for safranal extraction through HS‐SPME‐GC approach using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibre.ResultsUnder static conditions, a linear response was obtained for standard curve within the safranal concentration range of 0.08–30 ppm, with R2 = 0.9999. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.04 and 0.08 ppm, respectively. Despite the fact that safranal peak area was an efficient parameter for quantifications under static conditions; its poor reproducibility was proved under dynamic conditions for the saffron drink sample. This observation necessitated application of kinetic studies on real food samples.ConclusionsSafranal extraction was successfully performed from aqueous matrices through HS‐SPME‐GC, under static conditions. Mathematical modelling resulted in kinetic parameters that improved the efficiency of safranal measurement under dynamic conditions, using PDMS fibre.

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