[Purpose] Motor control and muscle strength impairments are the prime reasons for motor behavior disorders in children with spastic cerebral palsy. These impairments lead to histological changes in muscle growth and the learning of motor skills. Therefore, such children experience reduced muscle force generation and decreased muscle flexibility. We investigated the effect of training with Nintendo Wii Fit games on motor performance in children with spastic cerebral palsy. [Subjects and Methods] Forty children with cerebral palsy spastic diplegia aged 6–10 years diagnosed with level-3 functional capabilities according to the Gross Motor Classification System (GMFCS) were enrolled. Participants were divided randomly into equal groups: group (A) that practiced with the Nintendo Wii Fit game for at least 20 minutes/day for 12 weeks and group (B) that underwent no training (control group). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (mABC-2) was used to assess motor performance, because it mainly involves motor tasks very similar to those involved in playing Nintendo Wii Fit games, e.g., goal-directed arm movements, balancing, and jumping. [Results] There were significant improvements in the subscales of the motor performance test of those who practiced with the Nintendo Wii, while the control group showed no significant changes. [Conclusion] Using motion interactive games in home rehabilitation is feasible for children with cerebral palsy.

[Purpose] Obesity is a global health problem and is associated with a multitude of complications. This study was designed to determine changes in cardiopulmonary functions after aerobic and anaerobic exercise training in obese subjects. [Subjects and Methods] Forty obese subjects, whose ages ranged between 18 and 25 years, were divided into 2 equal groups: group A received aerobic exercise training in addition to dietary measures, and group B received anaerobic exercise training for 3 months in addition to dietary measures. Measurements of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, maximum voluntary ventilation, maximal oxygen consumption, and body mass index were obtained for both groups before and after the exercise program. [Results] The mean body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption decreased significantly, whereas the mean maximum voluntary ventilation increased significantly after treatment in group A. The mean maximum voluntary ventilation also increased significantly after treatment in group B. There were significant differences between the mean levels of the investigated parameters in groups A and B after treatment. [Conclusion] Aerobic exercise reduces weight and improves cardiopulmonary fitness in obese subjects better than anaerobic exercise.

[Purpose] To investigate the sensitivity and specificity of a newly developed diagnostic tool, the Amer Dizziness Diagnostic Scale (ADDS), to evaluate and differentially diagnose vestibular disorder and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the scale and its usefulness in clinical practice. [Subjects and Methods] Two hundred subjects of both genders (72 males, 128 females) aged between 18 to 60 (49.5±7.8) who had a history of vertigo and/or dizziness symptoms for this previous two weeks or less were recruited for the study. All subjects were referred by otolaryngologists, neurologists or family physicians in and around Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. On the first clinic visit, all the patients were evaluated once using the ADDS, following which they underwent routine testing of clinical signs and symptoms, audiometry, and a neurological examination, coupled with tests of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex function, which often serves as the “gold standard” for determining the probability of a vestibular deficit. [Results] The results show that the ADDS strongly correlated with “true-positive” and “true-negative” responses for determining the probability of a vestibular disorder (r =0.95). A stepwise linear regression was conducted and the results indicate that the ADDS was a significant predictor of “true-positive” and “true-negative” responses in vestibular disorders (R2 =0.90). Approximately 90% of the variability in the vestibular gold standard test was explained by its relationship to the ADDS. Moreover, the ADDS was found to have a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 96%. [Conclusion] This study showed that the Amer Dizziness Diagnostic Scale has high sensitivity and specificity and that it can be used as a method of differential diagnosis for patients with vestibular disorders.

[Purpose] This study analyzed type 2 diabetes and its role in complications among adult Saudi patients. [Subjects] Patients attending four primary health care centers in Jeddah were enrolled. [Methods] A cross-sectional design study among Saudi patients attending Ministry of Health primary health care centers in Jeddah was selected for use by the Primary Health Care administration. Patients were interviewed with structured questionnaires to determine the presence of diabetes and risk factors using questions about the history of any disease. [Results] Diabetes mellitus was present in 234 subjects during the data collection period (March–June 2014). Mean patient age was 58 years; diabetes prevalence was 42% in males and 58% in females. The mean age for diabetes onset in males and females was 34 and 39 years, respectively. There was a higher incidence of obesity (75%) associated with a sedentary lifestyle (body mass index ≥25) in females (N= 96; 40%) compared with males (N= 87; 36%). In this study, >44% of individuals aged 55 or older had severe to uncontrolled diabetes with long-term complications. The age-adjusted incidence of hypertension and coronary heart disease was 38% and 24%, respectively, showing a clear incidence of diabetes associated with cardiovascular disease in Saudi Arabia. [Conclusion] This study found that a multifactorial approach to managing diabetes complication risks is needed.

Aim: This study aims at testing registered nurses' knowledge while working at mental health facilities and general care hospitals, through an exploratory non-experimental study using a random sample of nurse population across Saudi health facilities. Materials and Methods: The study participants were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting of four sections. Section 1 consisted of 21 questions, requesting participants to provide their background and demographic information, followed by a delirium-knowledge-assessment questionnaire (Section 2) consisting of 15 questions of which eight of them required true/false answers, and the remaining questions were multiple-choice. In Section 3, the research tool was a dementia-knowledge-assessment survey consisted of 27 questions that required true/false answers to a given statement about dementia. In Section 4, the depression-knowledge assessment survey provided multiple-choice answers. A total of 265 registered staff nurses (SNs) were included in the study, and were chosen from three Saudi healthcare centers, with an age range of 24-57 years. The participants consisted of 73% females and 27% males. Results: The knowledge of delirium, among the sampled nurses, was not high (M = 6.8906, SD = 2.13363). The employing health center influenced the delirium knowledge significantly, in addition to the job title of the participant, and their highest level of education, in addition to the fact of whether the participant has an immediate family member who has ever been diagnosed with any of the 3Ds. The averages significantly differed across the study sample with immediate family members who have been diagnosed with any of the 3Ds and those without (ANOVA, p = 0.019). Similar to the delirium knowledge, dementia knowledge, among the study participants, was not high (M = 69.2576, SD = 11.29327), and was significantly influenced by the health center, each participant's gender, nationality, job title, highest level of education, and the country where they had completed their highest level of education. The scores, obtained for de-S. Yaghmour et al. 149 mentia knowledge, were positively and significantly correlated to how individual participants rated their current dementia knowledge (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.001). Besides, the regression analysis, which showed how the participants rated their current dementia knowledge, confirmed the significance of explaining such a knowledge (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.001). Contrary to the delirium and dementia knowledge, the participants' depression knowledge was found to be high (ANOVA, SD = 1.97367), and was significantly influenced by the employing health center, the participant's gender, nationality, job title, highest level of education, and the country where they had completed their highest level of education. However, the average scores of the measurement of depression knowledge were found to be significantly different among participants from different mental health centers (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.001), their genders (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.001), and nationalities (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.001). ...

Background Adequate incident reporting practices for clinical incident among nurses and even all healthcare providers in clinical practice settings is crucial to enhance patient safety and improve the quality of care delivery. This study aimed to investigate the level of awareness of incident reporting practices and identify the barriers that impact incident reporting among Jordanian nurses. Methods A descriptive design using a cross-sectional survey was employed among 308 nurses in 15 different hospitals in Jordan. Data collection was conducted between November 2019 and July 2020 using an Incident Reporting Scale. Results The participants showed a high level of awareness of the incident reporting with a mean score of 7.3 (SD = 2.5), representing 94.8% of the highest score. Nurses perceived their reporting practices at the medium level, with a mean score of 2.23 out of 4. The main reporting barriers included worrying about disciplinary actions, fearing being blamed, and forgetting to make a report. In regard to awareness of incident reporting, there were statistically significant differences in the mean for total awareness of the incident reporting system scores according to the type of hospital (p < .005*). In regard to self-perceived reporting practices, nurses working in accredited hospitals demonstrated statistically significant differences in self-perceived reporting practices (t = 0.62, p < .005). Conclusions The current results provide empirical results about perceived incident reporting practices and perceived barriers to reporting frequently. Recommendations are made to urge nursing policymakers and legislators to provide solutions for those barriers, such as managing staffing issues, nursing shortage, nurses’ empowerment, and fear of disciplinary actions by front-line nurse managers.

RESUMENObjetivo: Explorar la actitud de los docentes de enfermería con relación a las personas mayores y sus reflexiones acerca de la enseñanza de enfermería gerontológica en los currículos de grado de enfermería en Arabia Saudita. Método: Una investigación con cinco grupos focales fue utilizada con miembros del cuerpo docente, en las tres escuelas de enfermería. El relevamiento contó con 132 miembros, incluyéndose a 76 instructores clínicos, 40 profesores asociados y 16 profesores. La facultad de enfermería, en general, tuvo una actitud positiva ante los ancianos (M = 3,36, DP 0,25) y las actitudes de los profesores fueron más elevadas que las de sus alumnos de enfermería (M = 3,18, SD0.29). Resultados: Sugieren que los currículos de enfermería sauditas deban incluir un contenido más extensivo en gerontología y experiencia clí-nica con las personas mayores. Conclusión: Esta fue la primera vez que la investigación oyó las voces de Arabia Saudita y examinó sus compromisos con relación a la educación gerontológica. DESCRIPTORES

Individual and group beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, competences, and behavioral patterns all contribute to the safety culture of a healthcare company. The study’s goal is to assess nurses’ perceptions of elements that influence patient safety culture in order to promote long-term nursing practice. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was done among a sample of 146 nurses who were recruited from one hospital in Egypt. They completed a self-administered, printed questionnaire. The questionnaire assessed participants’ socio-demographic data and their perception regarding patient safety culture for sustainable nursing practices. The findings revealed that nursing staff had a high perception regarding patient safety culture a with mean score (159.94 ± 7.864). Also, the highest percentage (74.66%) of had no safety events reported yearly. Creating a unit-specific patient safety culture suited to the competences of the unit’s RNs in patient safety practice would be crucial to increasing and sustaining high levels of patient safety attitudes, skills, and knowledge among the unit’s RNs, influencing patient safety. When implementing interventions to promote patient safety and reporting culture in hospitals, policymakers, hospital administrators, and nurse executives should take the current findings into account. A multidimensional network intervention addressing many elements of patient safety culture and integrating different organizational levels should be implemented to enhance patient safety and a no-blame culture.