This paper deals with Bangla indeclinable ar to explore its role in conversational discourse. In doing so, the paper provides a detail study about ar in the Bangla language. This, in turn, helps to conceptualize how the occurrences of ar motivate a conversation in a pragmatic domain, in particular. More specifically, multiple interpretations of ar pose a particular challenge to semantics and pragmatics, which can be taken care of through the incorporation of phonological context. Phonological context contains information about speaker's intention and speaker's approach to their utterance. The paper discusses several criteria, namely the traditional and polysemous nature, intonational pattern, evidentiality etc., which are crucial in determining its role in structuring a conversation. Keywords: particle ar; intonation; evidentiality PovzetekČlanek se osredotoča na nesklonljivi ar v bengalščini in proučuje njegovo vlogo v govorjenem diskurzu ter s tem ponudi podrobno analizo o njegovi uporabi. Takšen pristop posledično omogoča tudi zaključke v obratni smeri in sicer o tem, kako pojavnost izraza ar na pragmatični ravni spodbuja pogovor. Številnost njegovih interpretacij predstavlja izziv tako v semantiki kot v pragmatiki, kar pa je moč poenostaviti z upoštevanjem fonološkega konteksta. Slednji namreč vsebuje informacije o govorčevih namerah in govorčevemu odnosu do izrečenega. Avtor tako razpravlja o fonoloških kriterijih kot so tradicionalna in večpomenska narava izreke, intonacijski vzorci, dokazljivost idr., ki so odločilni pri ugotavljanju njegove vloge v pogovoru.
Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Atherosclerosis is inherently an inflammatory process, with a complex interplay of inflammatory markers. It is established that these inflammatory markers play an important role in patients of Coronary Artery Disease(CAD) with traditional cardiovascular risk factors. However, the role of inflammation in the atherosclerotic process in patients of CAD without traditional risk factors is still not clearly known. Purpose Our purpose was to determine whether in patients of CAD without traditional risk factors, TLR4(Toll like receptor 4) expression as a marker of inflammation is similar to that in patients of CAD with traditional risk factors. Materials and Methods This observational cross sectional study was done between July’20 to Dec’21. Equal number of patients of CAD with and without traditional cardiovascular risk factors undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) were enrolled. The risk factors considered were Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Obesity and Addiction to Tobacco and/or Alcohol. A minimum of two punch biopsy samples of aortic tissue was taken from each subject undergoing CABG. Immunohistochemistry for TLR4, was done in Ventana BenchMark GX System. The primary TLR4 antibody was procured from reputed source. Results The presence or absence of TLR4 expression was associated significantly with the Syntax scores (37.40±4.74 vs 29.5±8.71; p value=0.036), total Cholesterol (187±35.06mg/dL vs 130±35.69 mg/dL ;p value 0.010) and LDL cholesterol (118.86±28.12mg/dL vs 64.21±25.61 mg/dL; p value 0.003). TLR4 expression, however, was not significantly associated with the number of coronary vessels involved (p=0.298). TLR4 expression was also not significantly associated with any other individual risk factors. However, when the traditional risk factors were considered in combination, TLR4 expression was associated significantly with the number of risk factors present(p=0.029) the strongest being in those having 4 traditional risk factors. The level of TLR4 expression gradually declined with the decrease in the number of risk factors, having mostly weak or negative expression in patients without any traditional risk factors. Conclusion Patients with CAD without any traditional risk factors, had a less severe coronary artery disease as manifested by lower Syntax scores, and had lower degree of TLR4 expression. Patients with CAD with traditional risk factors had more severe coronary artery disease as evidenced by higher Syntax scores, and had higher degree of TLR4 expression proportional to the number of traditional risk factors present. Thus, differential TLR4 expression in CAD patients with and without traditional risk factors indicated a difference in inflammatory state between the two groups and warrants further investigation.
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