Composite materials are very widely used in the manufacturing of structures because of their specific mechanical properties. However, they are characterized by heterogeneity and anisotropy and they present great challenges in designing and also in predicting their behavior by using the numerical simulation. The unidirectional composite material has a more relevant property which is the transverse elasticity modulus E2. The determination of E2 is still interesting researchers because of the diversity of results obtained by several models and approaches. This study aims to predict the transverse elasticity modulus E2 of a unidirectional Glass/Epoxy composite material, the effect of the arrangement fibers on the transverse elasticity modulus and predict the values of the reinforcement factor used in the Halpin-Tsai model. To do so first we adopted the micromechanical approach, which is accurate but requires much computing, and we used a calculation code based on FEM method and considered two parameters to vary, which are the volume fraction of fibers and the distribution of fibers. The obtained results of numerical modeling were tightly compared to those obtained by the available analytical models and the adopted approach can be used to predict the transverse elasticity modulus E2 and the reinforcement factor ξ.
The shape memory alloys (SMA) are distinguished from other conventional materials by a singular behavior which takes many forms depending on the thermomechanical load. The two-way shape memory effect is one of these forms. The interest that exhibits this behavior is that the material can remember two states, so this leads to many industrial applications. This thermoelastic property is driven by the temperature under residual stress of education. To model this effect in 3D, we considered stress and temperature as control variables and the fraction of martensite as internal variable; choosing Gibbs free energy expression and applying thermodynamic principles with transformation criteria have permitted to write the constitutive equations that control this behavior. The constructed model is then numerically simulated, and finally, the proposed model appears applicable in engineering.
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