A lower bound error for free-run simulation of the polynomial NARMAX (Nonlinear AutoRegressive Moving Average model with eXogenous input) is introduced. The ultimate goal of the polynomial NARMAX is to predict an arbitrary number of steps ahead. Free-run simulation is also used to validate the model. Although free-run simulation of the polynomial NARMAX is essential, little attention has been given to the error propagation to round off in digital computers. Our procedure is based on the comparison of two pseudo-orbits produced from two mathematical equivalent models, but different from the point of view of floating point representation. We apply successfully our technique for three identified models of the systems: sine map, Chua's circuit and Duffing-Ueda oscillator. This technique may be used to reject a simulation, if a required precision is greater than the lower bound error, increasing the numerical reliability in free-run simulation of the polynomial NARMAX. ARTICLE HISTORY

The success and validity of gene therapy and DNA vaccination in in vivo experiments and human clinical trials depend on the ability to produce large amounts of plasmid DNA according to defined specifications. A new method is described for the purification of a cystic fibrosis plasmid vector (pCF1-CFTR) of clinical grade, which includes an ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) using a Sepharose gel derivatized with 1,4-butanediol-diglycidylether. The use of HIC took advantage of the more hydrophobic character of single-stranded nucleic acid impurities as compared with double-stranded plasmid DNA. RNA, denatured genomic and plasmid DNAs, with large stretches of single strands, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) that are more hydrophobic than supercoiled plasmid, were retained and separated from nonbinding plasmid DNA in a 14-cm HIC column. Anion-exchange HPLC analysis proved that >70% of the loaded plasmid was recovered after HIC. RNA and denatured plasmid in the final plasmid preparation were undetectable by agarose electrophoresis. Other impurities, such as host genomic DNA and LPS, were reduced to residual values with the HIC column (<6 ng/microg pDNA and 0.048 EU/microg pDNA, respectively). The total reduction in LPS load in the combined ammonium acetate precipitation and HIC was 400,000-fold. Host proteins were not detected in the final preparation by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with silver staining. Plasmid identity was confirmed by restriction analysis and biological activity by transformation experiments. The process presented constitutes an advance over existing methodologies, is scaleable, and meets quality standards because it does not require the use of additives that usually pose a challenge to validation and raise regulatory concerns.

Background: A typical purification system that provides purified water which meets ionic and organic chemical standards, must be protected from microbial proliferation to minimize crosscontamination for use in cleaning and preparations in pharmaceutical industries and in health environments.

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Although there are still several research studies to be performed before the combination of micelles and ultrasound can enter clinical trials, the future of controlled delivery using this drug delivery system is promising as a way to reduce the mortality and morbidity of cancer and the noxious side effects of conventional chemotherapy.

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This paper introduces a class of pseudo-orbits which guarantees the same lower bound error (LBE) for two different natural interval extensions of discrete maps. In previous work, the LBE was investigated along with a simple technique to evaluate numerical accuracy of free-run simulations of polynomial NARMAX or similar discrete maps. Here we prove that it is possible to calculate the LBE for two pseudo-orbits, extending so the results of previous work in which the LBE is valid for only one of the two pseudo-orbits. The main application of this technique is to provide a simple estimation of the LBE. We illustrate our approach with the Logistic Map and Hénon Map. Using double precision, our results show that we ought simulate the Logistic Map and Hénon Map with less than 100 iterations, which is, for instance, far less than the number usually considered as transient to build bifurcation diagrams.

Background: Purified water for pharmaceutical purposes must be free of microbial contamination and pyrogens. Even with the additional sanitary and disinfecting treatments applied to the system (sequential operational stages), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas picketti, Flavobacterium aureum, Acinetobacter lowffi and Pseudomonas diminuta were isolated and identified from a thirteen-stage purification system. To evaluate the efficacy of the chemical agents used in the disinfecting process along with those used to adjust chemical characteristics of the system, over the identified bacteria, the kinetic parameter of killing time (D-value) necessary to inactivate 90% of the initial bioburden (decimal reduction time) was experimentally determined.