No abstract

We modeled the impact of bed-net use and insecticide treated nets (ITNs), temperature, and treatment on malaria transmission dynamics using ordinary differential equations. To achieve this we formulated a simple model of mosquito biting rate that depends on temperature and usage of insecticides treated bed nets. We conducted global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHC) and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient (PRCC) in order to find the most effective parameters that affect malaria transmission dynamics. We established the existence of the region where the model is epidemiologically feasible. We conducted the stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium by the threshold parameter. We found the condition for the existence of the endemic equilibrium and provided necessary condition for its stability. Our results show that the peak of mosquitoes biting rate occurs at a range of temperature values not on a single value as previously reported in literature. The results also show that the combination of treatment and ITNs usage is the most effective intervention strategy towards control and eradication of malaria transmissions. Sensitivity analysis results indicate that the biting rate and the mosquitoes death rates are the most important parameters in the dynamics of malaria transmission.

Deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets have been successfully used all over the world to combat malaria. To study the efficacy of these mosquito nets in the service conditions of Armed Forces, a field trial of Deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets was carried out at Military Stations 'A' (trial station) and B (control station) between July 96 to June 99. July 96-June 97 was the pretrial year during which base line data was collected for malaria incidence. Three rounds of Deltamethrin impregnation of the mosquito nets were done in the trial station for the actual trial duration (July 97-June 99) in lieu of residual spraying. Antimalaria measures including residual spray were continued as usual in the control station. The intervention led to a significant decline in slide positivity rate and malaria incidence in the trial station. Malaria cases declined by 87% in the trial station whereas the control station noticed an increase by 75% at the end of the trial.

This research looks into the reliability metrics that are used to assess the strength of a solar system's serial system, which is made up of four subsystems. Each subsystem consists of two parallel active components: two out of two photo-voltaic panels, one of two charge controllers, two of two batteries, and one of two inverters. Both the charge controller and the inverter have two human operators or switches. The Gumbel-Hougaard copula family was used to produce formulations of system dependability metrics such as reliability, mean time to failure (MTTF), availability, and profit function. Numerical examples are presented to show the obtained results and to investigate the impact of various system characteristics. The new study might help homes overcome some of the problems experienced by electric generation systems operating in hostile locations or under adverse weather conditions. A new model was developed, and solar photovoltaic system's subsystems were analyzed in order to identify the most essential component. It was also indicated how to improve the system.

Malaria is a deadly infectious disease, which is transmitted to humans via the bites of infected female mosquitoes. Antimalarial drug resistance has been identified as one of the characteristics of malaria that complicates control efforts. Typically, the use of insecticide-treated bed-nets (ITNs) and drug treatment are some of the recommended control strategies against malaria. Here, the use of ITNs, drug treatment, and their efficacies and evolution of antimalarial drug resistance are considered to be the major driving forces in the dynamics of malaria transmissions. We formulate a mathematical model of two-strain malaria to assess the impacts of ITNs, drug treatment, and their efficacies on the transmission dynamics of the disease in a human population. We propose a simple mosquito biting rate function that depends on both the proportion of ITN usage and its efficacy. We show that both disease-free and co-existence equilibrium points are globally-asymptotically stable where they exist. The global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis conducted show that if about 95% of malaria cases can be treated with fewer than 5% treatment failure in a population with 95% ITN usage that remains 95% effective, malaria can be controlled. We find that the order in which numerous intervention measures are taken is important.