One of the most common problem faced by geotechnical engineers is slope stability assessment. The predictions of slope stability in soil or rock masses is very important for the designing of reservoir dams, roads, tunnels, excavations, open pit mines, and other engineering structures. It is the importance of slope stability problem that has reasoned alternate methods for evaluating the safety of a slope. This study reviews the existing methods used for slope stability analysis. These methods are divided into five different groups which are; (a) Limit equilibrium method, (b) Numerical simulation method, (c) Artificial neural network method, (d) Limit analysis method, and (e) Vector sum method.
Among the developing countries, Pakistan experienced a unique downward trend in rupee value and frequent transitions in the exchange rate systems. These distinctive features make Pakistan economy an interesting case study for the empirical examination of the rupee exchange rate and its role in the monetary policy and macroeconomic performance. The purpose of the present study is to find out which of the macroeconomic indicators has led the Pak-rupee exchange rate volatility during the study period. Furthermore, the effect of the exchange rate volatility on foreign exchange reserves and selected macroeconomic variables has also been studied in the framework of a regression approach. Time series annual data covering the period of 1980 to 2014 has been used for the empirical analysis. Augmented Dickey Fuller test has been used for checking the unit root in the data. Ordinary Least Squares method is used for the estimation of regression equations. For avoiding the problems of spurious relationship between the variables and series implications for the standard errors, various diagnostic tests have been applied. Initially study has taken exchange rate as dependent variable and some selected macroeconomic variables as independent variables. The result show that exchange rate has negative relationship with the variables such as inflation (INF), foreign direct investment (FDI), imports (IMP) and positive with GDP per capita (PCGDP) and exports (X), which is also supported by the theory and results. As there is two-way relationship between exchange rate and several macroeconomic variables, some selected macroeconomic variables are taken as dependent variables and exchange rate as independent variable. The results show that exchange rate volatility has negative impact on foreign exchange reserves (FOREX), and imports (IMP) and positive on GDP per capita (PCGDP) and exports (X). On the basis of the findings, it has been recommended that foreign factors in addition to the domestic factors should also be taken into account for the stability of exchange rate. Moreover, instead of targeting the monetary aggregates, the State Bank of Pakistan should follow a rule based monetary policy where exchange rate fluctuations should also be taken into account. Moreover, instead of devaluations of rupee for increasing exports, the government is required to follow import substitution policies. Furthermore, to increase the inflow of foreign exchange reserves in the country, the development of export sector of the country can play an important role.
The main objectives of this study are to construct a valid and reliable asset index at household level and to estimate economic disparities in 36 districts of Punjab (Pakistan) by using the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) micro-data. An asset index may be a better measure than current income or expenditure for gauging a household's long-term capacity for buying goods and services and its potential resilience to economic shocks. This paper provides details of the results from Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Tetrachoric Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the dimensional structure of assets. We have applied Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) in order to construct a reliable household level asset index. In Punjab, Lahore has the highest asset index score followed by Gujrat and Sialkot. Ginicoefficient index and the Palma ratio analyses show that the asset distribution in the district of Rajanpur is highly unequal.
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